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GEOL-1403 > Exam 2; Practice > Flashcards

Exam 2; Practice Flashcards

1
Q

Molten rock material, which is the parent substance of all igneous rock is called
a. mantle
b. magma
c. ophiolite
d. meltamite

A

b. magma

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2
Q

In _________, melting occurs because of a decrease in pressure without decreasing temperature
a. decompression melting
b. flux melting
c. heat transfer
d. volatile melting

A

a. decompression melting

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3
Q

What role does water play in generating magma?
a. water lowers the density of the rock, allowing it to melt.
b. water cools the rock, preventing melting
c. water lowers the melting temperature of the rock allowing it to melt
d. this is a trick question, water has no effect on the generation of magma

A

c. water lowers the melting temperature of the rock allowing it to melt

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4
Q

Which list shows magmas in order of INCREASING silica content?
a. Intermediate/Andestic, Mafic/Basaltic, Felsic/Rhyolitic
b. Felsic/Rhyolitic, Intermediate/Andesitic, Mafic/Basaltic
c. Mafic/Basaltic, Intermediate/Andesitic, Felsic/Rhyolitic
d. this is a trick question, all magmas have the same silica content.

A

c. Mafic/Basaltic, Intermediate/Andesitic, Felsic/Rhyolitic

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5
Q

Which of the following statements is false?
a. Temperature and composition affect the viscosity of magmas
b. hotter magmas are less viscous
c. higher silica content magmas are less viscous
d. lower silica content magmas are less viscous

A

c. higher silica content magmas are less viscous

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6
Q

A rock with an aphanitic texture indicates that the parent magma
a. cooled slowly
b. cooled rapidly
c. experienced two periods of cooling, first slow then fast
d. was generated at a divergent plate margin

A

b. cooled rapidly

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7
Q

Granite and rhyodite typically have the same
a. cooling history
b. chemical composition
c. texture
d. all of the above

A

b. chemical composition

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8
Q

What was the rate of cooling and the environment of formation for an intrusive igneous rock?
a. slow because the magma was insulated below the surface
b. fast because it was erupted from a volcano
c. slow because it cooled in a volcanic lava flow far from the vent
d. fast because it cooled size miles below the Earth’s surface

A

a. slow because the magma was insulated below the surface.

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9
Q

Magmas evolve as the result of several different processes. Which process of magma evolution is detected in Figure 6.
a. crystal setting
b. assimilation
c. magma mixing
d. filter pressing

A

c. magma mixing

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10
Q

Which type of intrusive igneous body is depicted in figure 7?
a. dike
b. Sill
d. laccolith
d. batholith

A

a. dike

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11
Q

In order to cover such large expanses of seafloor, shield volcanoes erupt _____ lava.
a. rhyolitic
b. andesitic
c. basaltic
d. felsic

A

c. basaltic

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12
Q

Which type of volcano is depicted in figure 12?
a. shield volcano
b. stratovolcano
c. cinter cone
d. continental caldera

A

b. stratovolcano

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13
Q

Most of the Earth’s explosive volcanoes are located in a zone that encircles the Pacific Ocean called the Ring of Fire. The types of volcanoes that commonly form in this zone are called ______ which form by the melting of rocks during _____.
a. cinder cones, subduction
b. stratovolcanoes, subduction
d. shield volcanoes, subduction
d. stratovolcanoes, rifting

A

b. stratovolcanoes, subdution

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14
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?
a. a fast-moving avalanche of hot rock, ash, and gas
b. a slurry-like flow of hot ash, mud and water
c. an avalanche of ash and water
d. a flow of volcanic rock pieces and molten lava

A

a. a fast-moving avalanche of hot rock, ash, and gas

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15
Q

What is a lahar?
a. a volcanic mudflow
b. a particularly deadly type of volcano
c. a volcanic ash cloud
d. a type of respiratory failure associated with ash accumulation in the lungs

A

a. a volcanic mudflow

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16
Q

________ weathering involves breaking apart rocks and crystals into smaller pieces of the same material that is being weathered (no change in composition)
a. physical/mechanical
b. Hydrolysis
c. dissolution
d. chemical

A

a. physical/mechanical

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17
Q

What type of weathering is depicted in Figure 16?
a. salt crystal growth
b. impacts/abrasion
c. freeze-thaw action (frost wedging)
d. pressure relief

A

c. freeze-thaw action (frost wedging)

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18
Q

What environmental condition is reduced on a batholith such as Enchanted Rock to generate weathering via sheeting?
a. heat
b. moisture
c. confining pressure
d. mineral content

A

c. confining pressure

19
Q

________ describes processes that affect the chemistry and specifically the mineral content, of weathered rocks where the resulting sediment does not have the same composition as the original rock.
a. physical weathering
b. mechanical weathering
c. chemical weathering
d. pressure relief weathering

A

c. chemical weathering

20
Q

Chemical weathering would progress most rapidly in ______. (Hint, think about the climate-is it warm or cold; wet or dry? Which climate promotes chemical weathering?
a. denver colorado
b. amazon basin, brazil (northern south America)
c. phoenix, arazona
d. greenland
e. siberia

A

b. amazon basin, brazil

21
Q

Which of the following is most susceptible to chemical weathering?
a. sandstone
b. slate
c. granite
d. limestone

A

d. limestone

22
Q

Which of the following minerals is most resistant to chemical weathering?
a. plagioclase feldspar
b. quartz
c. granite
d. limestone

A

b. quartz

23
Q

Which would be the most sensible choice for a headstone if you lived in Florida?
a. limestone
b. granite
c. marble
d. wood

A

b. granite

24
Q

Sedimentary rocks will be most resistant to weathering?
a. solid bedrock
b. jointed bedrock
c. fractured bedrock
d. bedrock with abundant bedding planes

A

a. solid bedrock

25
Q

What is the most important agent of chemical weathering?
a. salt
b. heat
c. wind
d. water
e. magma

A

d. water

26
Q

Sedimentary rocks are important because they:
a. give us important information about Earth’s history
b. host important economic minerals like gold, silver, and copper
c. contain hydrocarbon (oil, natural gas, coal) reserves
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

27
Q

______ describes the range in particle sizes in a clastic sedimentary rock.
a. sorting
b. shape
d. cementation
d. size

A

a. sorting

28
Q

____ is the most abundant sedimentary rock.
a. limestone
b. shale/mudrock
c. sandstone
d. conglomerate
e. granite

A

b. mudrock/shale

29
Q

______ sedimentary rocks require the following steps: weathering, transportation, deposition, burial and lithification.
a. clastic
b. biochemical/organic
c. chemical
gneissic

A

a. clastic

30
Q

Which of the following best describes the appearance and composition of a conglomerate?
a. coarse-grained, angular fragments, well-sorted
b. coarse-grained, rounded fragments, poorly-sorted
c. coarse-grained, angular fragments, poorly sorted
d. coarse-grained, rounded fragments, well-sorted

A

b. coarse grains, rounded fragments, poorly sorted.

31
Q

_____ is the most abundant mineral in most sandstones.
a. Olivine
b. Calcite
c. Quartz
d. Feldspar

A

c. quartz

32
Q

Which of the following is not a clastic sedimentary rock?
a. shale
b. sandstone
c. conglomerate
d. halite

A

d. halite

33
Q

_____ is a biochemical/organic sedimentary rock that forms from ancient carbonate reefs.
a. limestone
b. chert
c. rock salt
d. bituminous coal

A

a. limestone

34
Q

The mineral calcite (CaCO3) is the major constituent of
a. limestone
b. shale
c. coal
d. sandstone

A

a. limestone

35
Q

The famous “White Cliffs of Dover” (England) are biochemical sedimentary rocks composed of tiny plankton (coccolithophores) whose dead bodies make up the sedimentary rock ___.
a. granite
b. sandstone
c. shale
d. chalk

A

d. chalk

36
Q

_______ form by the evaporation of sea/lake water.
a. sandstones
b. shales
c. evaporates
d. cherts

A

c. evaporates

37
Q

Which environment would be likely to produce coal?
a. beach
b. swamp
c. shallow marine
d. desert

A

b. swamp

38
Q

_______ is the process where a rock changes mineral content or texture as a result of environmental changes such as heat, pressure, and the composition of the pore fluids.
a. rifting
b. precipitation
c. metamorphism
d. foliation

A

c. metamorphism

39
Q

Is melting involved in the formation of metamorphic rocks?

A

No

40
Q

What is the definition of protolith?
a. the original (parent) rock that has undergone metamorphism
b. the resulting precipitate when water dissolves mineral matter
c. the rock produced by metamorphism
d. the igneous rock forming through the solidification of magma.

A

a. the original (parent) rock that has undergone metamorphism.

41
Q

What type of metamorphic texture is presented in Figure 41?
a. slaty
b. shistose
c. gneissic banding
d. george

A

c. gneissic banding

42
Q

Which of the following is the parent rock for quartzite?
a. limestone
b. conglomerate
c. granite
d. sandstone
e. shale

A

d. sandstone

43
Q

You are remodeling your kitchen. Which metamorphic rock is an excellent choice for your new countertops?
a. granite
b. marble
c. quartzite
d. sandstone

A

c. quartzite

GEOL-1403 (20 decks)

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