Lesson 1: What is abnormal psychology? Flashcards
What are the four contemporary criteria for abnormality?
Deviance
Danger (to self or others)
Dysfunction
Distress
Definition of deviance
Statistical infrequency (rarity) or deviation from the norm
Most psychological disorders occur in a _____ of the population
minority
______ is telling us what is normal.
Society
Just being deviant from the norm does NOT mean that you have a psychological disorder. It must also be _________.
maladaptive
Since society tells us what is normal, then norms can change with ____ and ______.
time; culture
Of the four D’s, _____ is the least helpful.
Deviance
Definition of dysfunction
Functional impairement in work, relatioships, self-care, etc.
Many disorders lead to functional ________
impairment
Some behaviors are dysfunctional without being abnormal, such as ______
sedentary lifestyle
Definiton of (personal) destress
psychological suffering and a desire for symptoms to stop
Most disorders present some degree of ______
destress
What are some examples of abnormal behavior that is not destressing to the individual?
Delusions, antisocial personality
True or false: When someone is a danger to themselves or others, it can be a sign of severe psychological problems
True
When looking at danger, you must also consider _______
can the individual care for themselves?
How does the APA / DSM-5 define abnormal behavior? (which 2 Ds?)
“clinically significant distress or dysfunction”
Assessment is the process of collecting relevant information to determine:
How and why the person is behaving abnormal
How the person might be helped
True or false: Assessment is essentially just making a diagnosis
False; it’s much broader than that
The specific tools used in an assessment depend on the clinician’s _______ _________
theoretical orientation
What are the three main categories of assessment?
Clinical interview
Tests
Observation
The tests of an assessment should have good ________ and _______
reliability; validity
Define reliability
Who invented CBT?
Aaron Beck
Aaron Beck, creator of CBT, was trained in the ______ approach
psychodynamic
In a research setting, structured/unstructured interviews are almost always used.
Structured
The best interview style may be ________ (Rytwinski bias)
semi-structured
What is a semi-structured interview?
Some questions that we’ll ask everybody, but depending on how the client answers those standardized questions, the therapist will answer follow-up questions.
A good word to replace reliability would be ______
consistency
A good word to replace validity would be ______
accuracy
Test-retest reliability
the degree to which a test yields the same result every time it is given to the same person
Interrater reliability
the extent to which two or more independent parties, each using the same tool or examining the same data, arrive at matching conclusions.
Face validity
does the test measure what it appears to measure?
Predictive validity
a tool’s ability to predict future characteristics or behaviors
Concurrent validity
the degree to which measures gathered from one tool agree with the measures gathered from other assessment techniques
Once the assessment is complete, the clinician should complete a ____ ____________
case conceptualization
What are syndromes?
Symptoms that are often clustered together
Following assessment and diagnosis, the client is typically offered ______
treatment
Treatment varies based upon the ______ and clinician’s _______ ______
diagnosis
therapeutic orientations
What are the two primary treatment options?
Medication
Therapy
On average, someone who receives therapy fairs better than __% of untreated individuals
75
True or false: Nobody reports a worsening of symptoms when they begin therapy.
False
There are three basic perspectives on how mental illness comes to be
Supernatural
Biological (somatogenic)
Psychological (psychogenic)
Ancient societies probably regarded abnormal behavior as ________
the work of evil spirits
Treatment for severe abnormality in ancient societies was to force the demons from the body through methods such as _________ and ______
trephination
exorcism
What is trephination?
Cutting a hole in the skull for the demons to escape
Do we still practice trephination today?
Kinda. Sometimes holes are drilled in the skull to release pressure called burr holes.
In ancient Greece and Rome, Hippocrates believed that all pathologies resulted from the imbalance of the _____
humors
What are Hippocrates’ four humors?
Phlegm
Yellow Bile
Black bile
Blood
What were treatment options in ancient Greece/Rome?
Corrective diet & behaviors
Blood letting
During the middle ages, mental health issues were caused by ______
demons, evil spirits
During the Middle Ages, the ____ rejected scientific forms of investigation and controlled all education
Church
Treatment options during the middle ages:
Drive the demons out through prayer, flogging, poison, exocism
During the Renaissance, German physician ____ _____ believed that the mind was as susceptible to sickness as the body.
Johann Weyer
The treatment options during the Renaissance
ASYLUM
True or false: During the Renaissance, asylums became tourist attractions.
True : (
During the 1800s, there was an emphasis on _______ ______ treatment of the mentally ill
human, respectful
The development of modern psychiatry began in the _____s
1800s
Contrasting psychogenic vs. somatogenic perspectives emerge in the early ____s.
1900s
During the early psychogenic perspective, _____ and _____ were used as treatment methods
hypnosis
Psychoanalysis
Who is the father of modern diagnostic approach?
Emil Kraeplin
In the ____s, researchers discovered a number of new psychotropic medications, including Antipsychotic drugs, Antidepressant drugs, and Antianxiety drugs
1950
As psychotropic medication rose, _______ and ______ also rose.
deinstitutionalization and outpatient care
What is the preferred mode of treatment for those with moderate disturbances?
Psychotherapy
Nearly 1 in _ adults in the U.S. receives treatments for psychological disorders in the course of a year
6
For moderate disturbances, most people receive more/less sessions per year.
less (insurance, not their choice, no good relationship with therapist, etc)
Define treatment
A procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior
3 Features of therapy (Jerome Frank)
A sufferer
A trained healer
A series of contacts between the sufferer and healer
