Lesson 1 - chapter 1

Question 1

attempts to explain the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being

Answer 1

science of human physiology

Question 2

It links the basic sciences with
medicine and integrates multiple functions of the cells, tissues, and organs into the functions of the living human being.

Answer 2

science of human physiology

Question 3

The basic living unit of the body

Each organ is
an aggregate of many different ___ held together by intercellular supporting structures.

Answer 3

cell

Question 4

red blood
cells, numbering about ___________ in each human being,
transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.

Answer 4

25 trillion

Question 5

_______ additional cells of other types perform functions different from those of the red blood cell

Answer 5

75 trillion

Question 6

The entire body, then, contains about
_____ cells

Answer 6

100 trillion

Question 7

cell possesses basic characteristics:

Answer 7

For the cell to produce energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate, oxygen reacts with simplest
structures of fat, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Cells also reproduce and regenerate on their own to
maintain the needed amount in the body.

These cells are suspended in the extracellular fluid (internal
environment), in which its constituents are controlled.

Question 8

about ____ percent of the adult human body is fluid, mainly
a water solution of ions and other substances.

Answer 8

60%

Question 9

most of the fluid is inside the cells

Answer 9

intracellular fluid

Question 10

1/3 is in the spaces outside the cells and is called

Answer 10

extracellular fluid

Question 11

in constant motion throughout the body.

transported rapidly in the circulating blood and then mixed between the blood and the tissue fluids by diffusion
through the capillary walls.

Answer 11

extracellular fluid

Question 12

here, are the ions and nutrients
needed by the cells to maintain life.

Thus, all cells live in
essentially the same environment

Answer 12

extracellular fluid

Question 13

the extracellular fluid is also called the
internal environment of the body, or the _________

a term introduced more than 150 years ago by the great 19th-century French physiologist ______________

Answer 13

milieu intérieur

Claude Bernard
(1813–1878).

Question 14

Cells are capable of living and performing their special
functions as long as the proper concentrations of _________, ______, _______, _______, _______ and other constituents are available in this INTERNAL environment.

Answer 14

oxygen,
glucose,
different ions,
amino acids,
fatty substances

Question 15

contains large amounts of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions plus nutrients for
the cells, such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

Answer 15

extracellular fluid

Question 16

It also contains carbon dioxide that is being transported from the cells to the lungs to be excreted, plus other cellular waste products that are being transported to the kidneys for excretion.

Answer 16

extracellular fluid

Question 17

it contains large amounts of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions instead of the sodium and chloride ions found in the extracellular fluid

Answer 17

intracellular fluid

Question 18

In 1929 the American physiologist_________ coined the term homeostasis

Answer 18

Walter Cannon (1871–1945)

Question 19

the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

Answer 19

homeostasis

Question 20

All tissues and organs essentially work
together to achieve a common goal, to maintain a relatively
constant environment

Answer 20

homeostasis

Question 21

various ions, nutrients, waste products, and other
constituents of the body are normally regulated within a
_________, rather than at FIXED VALUES

Answer 21

range of values

Question 22

Variations in blood hydrogen ion concentration are normally less than ________ per liter
(0.000000005 moles per liter).

Answer 22

5 nanomoles

Question 23

few millimoles per liter

1 million times greater than hydrogen ion

Answer 23

blood sodium concentration

Question 24

is often considered to be a state of disrupted
homeostasis

Answer 24

Disease

Question 25

even in the presence of disease, homeostatic mechanisms continue to operate and maintain vital functions through ________.

Answer 25

multiple compensations

Question 26

the discipline of ___________ seeks to explain how the various physiological processes are altered in diseases or injury

Answer 26

pathophysiology

Question 27

✓ Cells are not stagnant; they are ________ because they have to perform the homeostasis to sustain stability and normality

Answer 27

dynamic living units

Question 28

Functional problems are often related to ________ problems

Answer 28

structural

Question 29

2 STAGES OF BLOOD TRANSPORT:

Answer 29

1st stage: Movement of blood throughout the circulatory system 2nd stage: movement of fluid between the blood capillaries and the intercellular spaces between the tissue cells.

Question 30

All the blood in the circulation traverses the entire circuit an average of 1each minute when the body is at rest and as many as _____ times each minute when a person is extremely active

Answer 30

6

Question 31

The capillary walls are permeable to most molecules in the blood plasma, with the exception of __________, which are too large to pass through capillaries readily

Answer 31

plasma proteins

Question 32

There is a continuous exchange of substances between the cells and the interstitial fluid and between the interstitial fluid and the _______.

Answer 32

blood

Question 33

large amounts of fluid and its dissolved constituents that cannot readily pass through the capillaries _________ back and forth between the blood and the tissue spaces

Answer 33

diffuse

Question 34

process of diffusion is caused by ____ of the molecules in both the plasma and the interstitial fluid.

Answer 34

kinetic motion

Question 35

plasma ang IF continue being mixed thereby maintaining _______ of the EXF

Answer 35

homogeneity

Question 36

provides oxygen for the body and removes carbon dioxide.

Answer 36

Respiratory System

Question 37

The blood picks up oxygen in ________ thus acquiring the oxygen needed by cells.

Answer 37

alveoli

Question 38

membrane between the alveoli and the lumen of the pulmonary capillaries

Answer 38

alveolar membrane

Question 39

only 0.4 to 2.0 micrometers thick, and oxygen rapidly diffuses by molecular motion through this membrane into the blood.

Answer 39

alveolar membrane

Question 40

digests foods and facilitates absorption of nutrients. large portion of the blood pumped by the heart also passes through the walls of ______

Answer 40

Gastrointestinal Tract

Question 41

Undigested material that enters the gastrointestinal tract and some waste products of metabolism are eliminated in the __________.

Answer 41

feces

Question 42

It dissolves nutrients, including carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids, that are absorbed from ingested food into the extracellular fluid of the blood

Answer 42

Gastrointestinal Tract

Question 43

metabolizes nutrients changing chemical compositions of absorbed substances to more useful forms.

Answer 43

Liver

Question 44

also eliminates certain waste products produced in the body and toxic substances that are ingested. detoxification or removal of many drugs and chemicals that are ingested.

Answer 44

Liver

Question 45

includes the muscles and bones, tendons, cartilages, and filaments. It is used to obtain food for nutrition and provides motility for protection.

Answer 45

Musculoskeletal System

Question 46

also provides motility for protection against adverse surroundings, without which the entire body, along with its homeostatic mechanisms, could be destroyed

Answer 46

musculoskeletal system

Question 47

ORGANS for Removal of Metabolic End Products

Answer 47

Lungs kidney liver

Question 48

help excrete carbon dioxide from the blood, releasing it to the lung alveoli. breathing out carries carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Answer 48

Lungs

Question 49

is the most abundant of all the metabolism products.

Answer 49

Carbon dioxide

Question 50

help regulate blood volume and blood pressure

Answer 50

Kidneys

Question 51

One of its main functions is to excrete waste products, slats, water, urea and uric acid, and excess of ions to regulate the EXF composition

Answer 51

Kidneys

Question 52

kidneys perform their function by first filtering large quantities of plasma through the __________ into the TUBULES

Answer 52

glomerular capillaries

Question 53

kidney 2nd process: _______into the blood the substances needed by the body, such as glucose, amino acids, appropriate amounts of water, and many of the ions

Answer 53

reabsorbing

Question 54

end products of cellular metabolism

Answer 54

urea and uric acid

Question 55

performs a distinct function in detoxification, the removal of ingested drugs and chemicals. The end waste products are primarily eliminated in the feces

Answer 55

Liver

Question 56

REGULATION OF BODY FUNCTIONS:

Answer 56

Nervous System Hormone Systems

Question 57

Nervous System is composed of three major parts:

Answer 57

sensory input central nervous system (integrative portion) motor output

Question 58

directs the activity of the muscular system and controls function of many internal organs.

Answer 58

Nervous System

Question 59

detect the state of the body and its surroundings.

Answer 59

Sensory receptors

Question 60

The central nervous system is composed :

Answer 60

brain spinal cord.

Question 61

can store information, generate thoughts, create ambition, and determine reactions that the body performs in response to the sensations.

Answer 61

brain

Question 62

Appropriate signals are then transmitted through the __________ of the nervous system to carry out one’s desires.

Answer 62

motor output portion

Question 63

operates at a subconscious level and controls many functions of the internal organs, including the - level of pumping activity by the heart, -movements of the gastrointestinal tract, and - secretion by many of the body’s glands

Answer 63

autonomic system

Question 64

Located in the body are 8 major ENDOCRINE GLANDS and several organs and tissues that secrete chemical substances called _______

Answer 64

hormones

Question 65

controls many metabolic functions of cells, including growth, rate of metabolism, and activities associated with reproduction. It is being secreted by the endocrine glands.

Answer 65

Hormones System

Question 66

increases the rates of most chemical reactions in all cells, thus helping set the tempo of bodily activity

Answer 66

Thyroid hormone

Question 67

controls glucose metabolism

Answer 67

Insulin

Question 68

control sodium and potassium ions and protein metabolism

Answer 68

adrenocortical hormones

Question 69

controls bone calcium and phosphate.

Answer 69

parathyroid hormone

Question 70

regulates many muscular and secretory activities of the body

Answer 70

nervous system

Question 71

regulates many metabolic functions

Answer 71

hormonal system

Question 72

PROTECTION OF THE BODY:

Answer 72

Immune system integumentary system

Question 73

consists of the white blood cells, tissue cells derived from white blood cells, the thymus, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels that protect the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.

Answer 73

immune system

Question 74

immune system distinguishes its own cells from harmful foreign cells and substances; and destroys the invader by _________ or by producing sensitized lymphocytes or specialized proteins like antibodies that destroy or neutralize the invader

Answer 74

phagocytosis

Question 75

provides protection against injury and foreign invaders.

Answer 75

Integumentary System

Question 76

It includes hair, nails, glands, and other structures. It covers , cushions , and protects the deeper tissues and organs of the body and generally provides a boundary between the body’s internal environment and the out- side world.

Answer 76

integumentary system

Question 77

generally comprises about 12% to 15% of body weight

Answer 77

skin

Question 78

is also important for temperature regulation and excretion of wastes, and it provides a sensory interface between the body and the external environment.

Answer 78

integumentary system

Question 79

provides formation of new beings like ourselves, hence it may sometimes not be considered a homeostatic function, it helps maintain homeostasis holistically

Answer 79

Reproductive System

Question 80

Producing new beings translates to generating new bodies in which ______of additional cells can exist in a well-regulated internal environment.

Answer 80

trillions

Question 81

all body structures are organized to help maintain the _______ & ___________

Answer 81

automaticity and continuity of life

Question 82

control systems operate within the organs to control functions of the individual parts of the organs others operate ______

Answer 82

others operate throughout the entire body to control the INTERRELATIONS between the organs

Question 83

Essential for homeostasis operate in all cells to control IF and EF control interactions among organs

Answer 83

control systems

Question 84

example of control systems of respiratory system, operating in association with the nervous system:

Answer 84

regulates the concentration of carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid.

Question 85

example of control systems of liver and pancreas

Answer 85

regulate the concentration of glucose in the extracellular fluid, and kidneys regulate concentrations of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and other ions in the extracellular fluid.

Question 86

regulation of oxygen concentration in the tissues is vested principally in the chemical characteristics of hemoglobin

Answer 86

oxygen-buffering function of hemoglobin

Question 87

is a major end product of the oxidative reactions in cells.

Answer 87

Carbon dioxide

Question 88

degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions is determined by the gain of the

Answer 88

negative feedback

Question 89

Any stimulus is counteracted by a response that is going to cause negativity to the initial stimulus

Answer 89

negative feedback

Question 90

anticipate changes brain use this to control to cause the required muscle contraptions.

Answer 90

Feed-forward control systems

Question 91

Most control systems of the body act by ________, which can best be explained by reviewing some of the homeostatic control systems mentioned previously

Answer 91

negative feedback

Question 92

brain corrects the feed-forward signal, it sends to the muscle the next time the movement is going to be required. This process is called __________

Answer 92

adaptive control

Question 93

which is in a sense more or less a delayed negative feedback control

Answer 93

adaptive control

Question 94

can sometimes cause vicious cycles and death, and other times it can be useful.

Answer 94

Positive feedback

Question 95

A system in our body that exhibits the positive feedback response to what we call ______________with changes that amplify the perturbation and therefore leads to INSTABILITY rather than stability.

Answer 95

perturbation

Question 96

· Each functional structure, or organ, helps maintain a constant _______

Answer 96

internal environment

Question 97

As long as _________is maintained, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly.

Answer 97

homeostasis

Question 98

Each cell benefits from homeostasis and in turn, each cell contributes its share toward maintenance of homeostasis.

Answer 98

RECIPROCAL INTERPLAY

Question 99

that provides continuous automaticity of the body until 1 or more functional systems lose their ability to contribute their share of function

Answer 99

reciprocal interplay

Question 100

Extreme dysfunction leads to

Answer 100

death