Lesson 1 Flashcards
Introduction:
1. seeks to understand the physiologic and biochemical processes occurring in normal & abnormal states
2. analyses performed on body fluids or tissues to provide important information for the diagnosis & treatment of disease
Fundamental Science
Applied Science
LAB REAGENTS: Chemicals
- highest purity and suitable for most analytical laboratory procedures
- includes ___,____,______
- meet specifications set by the _____ - used to manufacture drugs (2); hence not for laboratory work
- impurity limitations and chemical preparation are not uniform
- aka
- ____ grade - lowest quality and should not be used for analytical work
- Analytical Grade
- spectrograde, nanograde, high performance light chromatography (HPLC)
- American Chemical Society - United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF)
- Chemically Pure
- Pure Grade Chemicals
- less pure grade - Technical/ Commercial Grade
LAB REAGENTS: Standards
____: purity level
____: so, purity percentage must be
- highly purified chemicals that can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration and used for standardization of solutions of unknown strength
- ___ & can be _____
- preferably at ___-___ degrees C; without a change in composition
- not _____ which is the ability to absorb waste
- problem: ____ are not available within its limitation - used as primary standard materials in clinical lab
- certified by ____
- NIST & IRMM - of lower purity with concentration determined by comparison with a primary standard
100+/- 0.02%
99.98%
- Primary Standard
- stable & dried
- 104-110C
- NOT HYGROSCOPIC
- biologic constituents - Standard Reference Materials
- National Bureau of Standard
- NIST: National Institute of Standards & Technology; IRMM: Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements - Secondary Standard
LAB REAGENTS: Grades of Water
- Used in test methods requiring minimum interference and maximum precision and accuracy
- _____, _____, _______
- ______ or ____
- analysis of electrolytes and enzymes - Acceptable for most analytical laboratory procedures procedures
- For what labs:
- stored in a manner that reduces any ____ or _____ contaminations and for short periods - For qualitative measurements only: presence/ absence of analyte or parameter
- lab
- Type I
- trace metal , iron & enzyme analyses, electrolyte measurements
- tissue or cell culture
- ultramicro analysis - Type II
- chemistry, hematology, immunology
- chemical or bacterial contaminations - Type III
- Urinalysis, Parasitology, Histology
PREPARATION OF REAGENT GRADE WATER
1. water is boiled and vaporized; each cycle it removes impurities
- some impurities (3)
2. removes 98% of the particulate matter
- this removes organic materials and chlorine
- w/ ____ (____mm) or ____ or ____ fibers depending on the type of water
- _____ & _____ remove particulate matters, microorganisms, pyrogens & endotoxins
3. uses an anion or cation exchange resin followed by replacement of the removed ions with OH or H
4. uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane
- does not remove ____; may be used as _____
5. for ozone treatment
- Distillation
- sodium, potassium, manganese - Filtration
- Activated carbon
- w/ submicron fiber (<0.mm)/ glass/ cotton fibers
- Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration - Deionization
- Reverse Osmosis
- dissolved glasses; pre-treatment of water - Ultraviolet oxidation
FACTORS DETERMINING THERMAL DURABILITY:
1. temperature resulting to deformation due to heat stress
2. °T at w/c glass is heated in order to prevent brittleness
3. refers to dimension change w/ °T (ideally, it should be low)
- Strain Point
- Annealing Point
- Coefficient of Expansion
PROPERTIES OF GLASS
1. ______
- dependent on _____
2. ______
- dependent on _____
3. ______
- dependent on _____
- Breakability
- silicate anion content - Thermal durability
- boron oxide, nickel & ferric ion content - Transparency
- ferric ion content
HIGH THERMAL RESISTANCE:
______: w/ high degree of thermal resistance
1. maximum degree which is its strain point
2. if it is beyond its strain point, it may _____ when used with ____; may be scratched
3. most common type used in ________
Borosilicate w/ Low Alkaline Content
1. 510C
2. if cloud/etch ; strong alkalis
3. volume measurements
HIGH THERMAL RESISTANCE:
______: strengthened chemically rather than thermally
1. __x stronger than borosilicate glass but less thermally resistant
2. ____
3. resists some clouding & scratching = _____ resistant
4. ashing & ignition techniques; can withstand very high temp
Alumina Silicate Glassware types
1. 6x
2. corex
3. alkali resistant
4. vycor
Types of Alumina-Silicate Glasswares
- with good thermal endurance, chemical stability, and electrical characteristics
- thermal endurance degrees
- how many percentage silica
- good _____ & _____ temperature characteristics - poor resistance but has high resistance to alkali
- aka - thermally resistant
- w/ ___ or ___ color - cheapest and with poor resistance to high temp
- ______ composed of mixture of ____,____, & _____
** Class A tolerances according to NIST are: ________ or ______
- High Silica Glasswares
- 900-1200C
- 96%
- optical & temperature - Boron-free glass
- Soft glasswares - Low-actinic glass
- red/ amber - Flint glass
- soda lime glass = silicon, calcium, sodium
** high thermal borosilicate or aluminosilicate glass
SPECIAL GLASSWARES
1. used for filters and light bulbs
- has ______
2. has a thin, metallic oxide permanently fire-bonded to its surface; can conduct electricity
3. has a high optical activity; prisms, lenses and optical mirrors
- made of ____, ____, and ______
4. for hot plates, table tops, and heat exchangers
- With _____, _____, and ______
5. for X-ray
- made of ____ and _____
- Colored and Opal Glasses
- metallic oxides - Coated Glass
- Optical Glass
- soda lime, lead and borosilicate - Glass Ceramics
- high thermal resistance, chemical stability and corrosion resistance - Radiation-Absorbing Glass
- soda lime and lead
LABORATORY PLASTIC WARES
1. use for disposable wares
- clear and rigid, autoclavable or not?
- not recommended for use with (6)
- ___ & __ can be used but not to be stored longer than _____ as it is not chemically resistant
2. a chemically resistant to most substances
- except ____
- it’s conventional is translucent& _____
- autoclavable or not?
- Polystyrene
- NOT AUTOCLAVABLE
- acids, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, hydrocarbons or essential oils
- acids and bases - Polyethylene
- aldehydes, amines, ethers, hydrocarbons and essential oils
- translucent and flexible
- NOT AUTOCLAVABLE
LABORATORY PLASTIC WARES
1. used for screw cap closures
- same chemical resistant with _______
- translucent and ____
- autoclavable or not?
2. Resin that has excellent chemical resistance to almost all chemicals in the lab
- translucent and ___ and _____
- autoclave or not?
- used for (3)
- Polypropylene
- Polyethylene
- rigid
- AUTOCLAVABLE - Teflon
- flexible; clear
- AUTOCLAVABLE
- stopcocks, wash bottles and tubings
LABORATORY PLASTIC WARES
1. used for tubings
- translucent and ____
- autoclavable or not?
2. uses for carboys, test tube racks
- very susceptible to damage by ____
- resistant to ___,____, and _____ for long period
- clear and ____
- autoclavable or not?
3. used for most bottles and tubings
- Tygon
- flexible
- AUTOCLAVABLE - Polycarbonate
- most chemicals
- water, aqueous salts and inorganic acids
- rigid
- AUTOCLAVABLE - Polyvinyl Chloride
