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Organism-Biologi > Lektion 8 - skeleton, muscles and tendons > Flashcards

Lektion 8 - skeleton, muscles and tendons Flashcards

1
Q

What are seven functions of muscles?

A

1) Respiration
2) Circulation
3) Digestion
4) Empty contents from the body
5) Locomotion
6) Reproduction
7) Produce heat and sound

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2
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeleton?

A

1) Actin filaments
2) Microtubule
3) Intermediate filaments

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3
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

A protein based intracellular network

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4
Q

What are motor proteins?

A

Enzymes that use energy from ATP to move

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5
Q

How does the cytoskeleton and the motor proteins work togheter?

A

The motor proteins walk on filaments or microtubules

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6
Q

Name three important types of motor proteins

A

1) Dyneins
2) Kinesins
3) Myosins

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7
Q

What is the function of dyneins?

A

They walk in microtubule in cilia and flagella

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8
Q

What is the function of kinesins?

A

They walk on microtubule in vesicular transport (subcellular movement)

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9
Q

What is the function of myosins?

A

They walk on actin filaments
- In muscles
- In vesicular transport

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10
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells?

A

1) Cardiac muscle (striated)
2) Skeletal muscle (striated)
3) smooth muscles

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11
Q

What are skeletal muscles?

A

Muscles attached to the skeleton used for voluntary movement

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12
Q

What does it mean for a skeletal muscle to be multinucleated?

A

Each myofiber results from the fusion of many cells.

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13
Q

What are muscle fibers rich in mitochondria?

A

For energy supplements, they use glycolysis or aerobic respiration

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14
Q

(skeletal muscles) What is a whole muscle?

A

It is “the organ” example the biceps

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15
Q

(skeletal muscle) What is a muscle fiver?

A

It is a multinucleated muscle cell

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16
Q

(Skeletal muscle?) What is a myofibril?

A

A contractile intracellular structure

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17
Q

(skeletal muscle) What is a sacromere?

A

The contractile unit of a myofibril

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18
Q

What are qualities of slow-twitch muscle fibers?

A
  • Has steady power
  • Endurant
  • Uses mostly fat
  • Aerobic metabolism (dense in capillaries, High myoglobin levels and red muscles/meat)
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19
Q

What are qualities of fasr-twich muscle fibers?

A
  • Has explosive power
  • Fatigues easily
  • Glycolytic
  • Anerobic metabolism ( Less capillaries, Low myoglobin levels and White muscles/meat)
20
Q

What are some cardiac muscle charachteristics?

A
  • striated
  • One central nucleus per cell
  • numerous mitochondria
  • interdigitate branches (no myofibrils)
  • rich in gap junctions between cells
  • Contracts independendly of nerve fibers (myogenic)
21
Q

What is the excitation of cardiac muscles?

A

They are myogenic and involontary

22
Q

What is the excitation of skeletal muscles

A

They are neurogenic and usually voluntary

23
Q

What are som charachteristsics of smooth muscles?

A
  • Not striated
  • Filaments scattered throughout the cell
  • Connected and communicate via gap junctions (functions as a single unit)
  • Can contract in all dimensions
24
Q

What are some important roles of smooth muscles?

A
  • Push food down alimentary tract
  • Control blood flow
  • Control respitory system
  • Enable child birth
25
Q

What is the functions of a tendon?

A
  • Attach muscles to the skeleton
  • Connective fibrous tissue
26
Q

What are the functions of ligaments?

A
  • Attach bone to bone (joints)
  • Fibrous tissue
  • Less eleastic than tendons
27
Q

What is a non-mineralized skeleton (hydroskeleton)?

A

Fluids in the coelomic cavities is compressed by circular muscle.

28
Q

What is an endoskeleton?

A

A combination of cartilage and bone, found in most vertebrates.

29
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

A skull bone that encloses the brain and paried sense organs
(mitten av skallen)

30
Q

What is the splanchnocranium?

A

A skull bone that with skeletal elements of branchial arches, encloses the pharynx
(nedre delen av skallen, även gälar på fiskar)

31
Q

What is the Dermatocranium?

A

Part of the skull that consists of mineralized dermal plates forming an armour.
(toppen av skallen)

32
Q

What is endochondral bone formation?

A

It means that the cartilage forms first, and bone replaces it.
This is the case for neurocranium and splanchnocranium

33
Q

What is intramembraneous bone formation?

A

When bone forms directly from dermal condensations. The case of dermatocranium.

34
Q

What type of movement does the cortex control?

A

motor planning and visual feedback, adaptation to enviroment

35
Q

What type of movement odes the basal ganglia control?

A

Controls the proper initiation of movement

36
Q

What type of movement odes the brain stem + cerebellum control?

A

Can vary the speed and quality of movement (refinements)

37
Q

What type of movement does the spinal cord control?

A

Motor neurons = the final common pathway for motor output

38
Q

What does gradationof whole-muscle tension result from?

A

1) The number of muscle fibers contracting within a muscle
2) The tension developed by each contracting fiber

39
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it stimulates

40
Q

What happens when all muscle fibers are stimulated simultanously?

A

All muscle fibers conected to the unit contracts

41
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

Many overlapping filaments of actin and myosin

42
Q

What is a sacromere?

A

The smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue.

43
Q

How does myosin fibers “climb” along actin fibers?

A

With an alternating cycle of grasp-pull-release

44
Q

What is the first step in the cross-bridge cycle?

A

1) the tension of myosin conformation with ATP hydrolysis

45
Q

What is the second step in the cross-bridge cycle?

A

2) Binding of myosin to actin (=cross-bridge formation)

46
Q

What is the third step in the cross-bridge cycle?

A

3) Structural change: myosin bends (=power stroke), ATP is released

47
Q

What is the fourth step in the cross-bridge cycle?

A

4) Release of actin, requires binding of fresh ATP

Organism-Biologi (11 decks)

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