Lektion 6 - excreation and somosis

Question 1

What are the components in blood?

Answer 1

Plasma (91% water, 7% protein, 2% ions nutreins gases and wastes)

Formed elements (cellular elements made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets)

Question 2

Does carbohydrates, protein and fat create different wates?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

What type of waste does carbohydrates and fat create?

Answer 3

They are combusted into carbon diaoxide and water (leaves through lungs and kidneys)

Question 4

What type of waste does protein, amino acids amd nucleic acids?

Answer 4

Their breakdown create nitrogen waste

Question 5

What is the function of the kidney?

Answer 5

It forms urine (secretes waste products and controls blood volume)

Question 6

What does urine contain?

Answer 6

• Water
• Lacks protein and glucose
• Sterile: no microbes present
• pH = 6
• Nitrogen waste
• Heme waste (binds to hemoglobin and oxygen)

Question 7

What are the three different types of nitrogenous waste products?

Answer 7

• Ammonia
• Urea
• Uric acid

Question 8

Properties of ammonia?

Answer 8

• NH3 is a toxic gas
• NH4+ is a toxic ion: blocks production of ATP
• Soluble in water

Question 9

Properties of Urea?

Answer 9

• Toxic: denatures proteins
• Soluble in water

Question 10

Properties of Uric acid?

Answer 10

• Not soluble in water
• Not toxic

Question 11

What does urine and fecal color come from?

Answer 11

It comes from heme degradation products

Question 12

What is the function of the liver?

Answer 12

It transforms fat-soluble toxins into water soluble products

Question 13

how are non water soluble toxins secreted?

Answer 13

They are modified in the liver to be secreted in the kidneys

Question 14

What does the color of urine mean?

Answer 14

• The color indicates how concentrated the urine is
• beetroot can tour in red
  turbidity and foming is caused by bacteria or proteinuria

Question 15

What is homostasis?

Answer 15

It is the process of keeping things the same and in balance.

Question 16

What are some examples of homostasis?

Answer 16

• contain constant temperature
• steady levels of water, ions, nutriens and blood sugars

Question 17

how is the pH in the blood controlled?

Answer 17

with carbonic acid.

It turns into carbondioxide and water in the lungs

It turns into hydrogen ion and bicarbonateion in the kidneys

Question 18

What are some ways that the body gains water?

Answer 18

By food and drinks and by the metabolism.

Question 19

What are some ways the body loses water?

Answer 19

Through skin, lungs. urine and feces

Question 20

What is diffusion and osmosis?

Answer 20

When water moves from high conc to low conc of water or when water moves towards the area of more dissolved solute

Question 21

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 21

Pressure exerted by differential flow of water through a semipermeable membrane

Question 22

What are osmoconformers?

Answer 22

They are typically male animals that match their internal osmolarity to external environment.

Question 23

What are osmoregulators?

Answer 23

They have the same internal osmolarity always by actively regulating ion (salt) concentrations. Example are humans.

Question 24

What is the difference in osmoregulation in freshwater and marine fish?

Answer 24

Freshwater:
- gain water continously
- Avoids drinking water
large urine volume

Marine:
- Drink lots of water
Small urine volume

Question 25

What is a nephron?

Answer 25

It is the functional unit in the kidney. 1) filtration (1/5) 2) Reabsorbtion: only little remains after the kidney reclamied. 3) secreation - urine leaves the kidney

Question 26

Describe the filtration process in the kidney.

Answer 26

- Nonselective passive process driven by pressure - Fluids pass from the blood through capillary walls into Bowmans capsule -Blood cells do not pass - Plasma proteins do not pass due to size and charge - Water ions and small molecules end up in the filtrate

Question 27

Where does the reabsorption happen?

Answer 27

In the proximal tube (PCT)

Question 28

What is it that concentrates urine?

Answer 28

An osmotic gradient.

Question 29

The reaborption happens in the henle. How is it adapted to different species?

Answer 29

The depth of the loop of henle is adapted to the species requirements for retaining water. Species with a high conc in their urine have longer loops.

Question 30

What are ureters?

Answer 30

Tubes that transport urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Question 31

What is the urinary bladder?

Answer 31

- A hollow muscular sac - Temporarily stores urine

Question 32

What is the urethra?

Answer 32

- Carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Question 33

What is micturition (voiding)?

Answer 33

- The act of urination - both sphincter muscles must open

Question 34

What is hypovolemic shock?

Answer 34

A life threatening condition, where there is a decreace in blood volume.

Question 35

ADH is released when the body has a lack of blood. How is it detected?

Answer 35

- Low blood osmolarity - Low blood pressure

Question 36

What does ADH do?

Answer 36

It introduces water channels in the cell membrane that can reabsorb more water.

Question 37

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 37

It promotes salt and water reabsorbtion.

Question 38

What odes the RAAS system do?

Answer 38

Regulate sblood pressure.

Question 39

How does aldosterone effect the kidney?

Answer 39

Increase the Na+ /K+ pump It reabsorbs sodium from sweat