Lektion 3 - Vertebrate

Question 1

What is a major difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?

Answer 1

Where the central nervous system is located. In protosomes it goes across the digestive system which it does not do for vertebrates.

Question 2

What does it mean for vertebrates to be deuterostomes?

Answer 2

they develop an anus before a mouth

Question 3

Enchinoderms properties?

Answer 3

Tagghudingar (sjöstjärna)
- pentaradiate symmetry
- only mouth
- endoskeleton

Question 4

Hemichordates properties?

Answer 4

• gills lits
• low rate of genome evolution

Question 5

What groups make up chordates?

Answer 5

Tunicates, Cephaliochordates
Vertebrates

Question 6

What are the chordates four main charachteristics?

Answer 6

1) notochord
2) neutral tube
3) gill slits
4) post-anal tail

Question 7

what does every branchial (gill) arch have?

Answer 7

• one nerve
• one cartilage
• one artery

Question 8

Cephalochordates properties?

Answer 8

• filter feeding
• gill slits
• very conservative genome (no gene losses)

Question 9

Tunicates properties?

Answer 9

• filter feeders
• very derived genomically

Question 10

what are vertebrates?

Answer 10

ryggradsdjur

Question 11

What are the trends in the evolution of vertebrates?

Answer 11

• shift from notochord to vertebral coloumn
• nerve cors expanded into brain
• evolution of jaws
• paired fins evolved, gave rise to limbs

Question 12

What are the classical classes of vertebrates?

Answer 12

• jawless fishes
• cartilage fishes
• ray-finned fishes
• mammals
• reptiles
  -birds

Question 13

What are the key fish charachteristics? (6 st)

Answer 13

• Vertebral coloumn
• jaws
• gills
• swim bladder
• single loop blood circulation
• fish body is covered with scales and bony plates.

Question 14

what is the function of a swim bladder?

Answer 14

A gas filled organ that contributes to the buouancy for many bony fishes (not cartilage fishes)

Question 15

charachteristics for amphibians? (4st)

Answer 15

(frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, caecilians)

• legs (if not lost)
• Lungs (gills to delicate)
• Circulation evolved (high oxygen demand when move on land)
• Reproduction in water

Question 16

What charachterizes birds? (7st)

Answer 16

• filght ability
• feathers
• skeleton
• charachteristic brest bone
• wishbone (joined collarbone)
• beak (no teeth)
• rudimentary tail

Question 17

What are the three groups of mammals?

Answer 17

1) monotremes (lay eggs with shells, the female lacks well developed nipples. ex näbbdjur)
2) marsupials (form a short-lived placenta from the chorion just before birth, pouch bearing)
3) placentals

Question 18

What are 6 synapomorphies of mammals?

Answer 18

1) hair (insulation, camouflage, sensory)
2) mammary glands and milk
3) endothermic
4) placenta
5) effective breathing
6)different adaptations of teeth

Question 19

What is endothermy and why is it beneficial?

Answer 19

it means the animal produces its own heat which requires more energy. (found in mammals and birds).
Cools off by sweating, panting etc

Question 20

What is ectotherm and why is it benefical?

Answer 20

animals that have a body temp that depends on the temperature around them. Requires less energy (does not nead to heat themself up). Good for warm climates, cold climates slow them down.

Question 21

What makes a good model organism?

Answer 21

small size
fast sexual maturity (more convinient in a lab)

Question 22

What are some common model animals used in labs?

Answer 22

• Nematode worm
• C. elegans
• Fruit fly
• Zebrafish
• Toad
• Mouse