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Organism-Biologi > Lektion 5 - Respiratory and circulatory systems > Flashcards

Lektion 5 - Respiratory and circulatory systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is cellular/internal respiration?

A

The process of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.

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2
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Process that transports gases between the outside world and the cells

  • Ventilation
  • Circulatory system
  • Internal fluid movements
  • Tranchea
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3
Q

What does the conducting zone consist of?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
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4
Q

What does the respiratory zone consist of?

A
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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5
Q

What are the functions of the conductin zone?

A
  • Conduct air
  • Warm air up
  • Humidify air
  • Remove patogens
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6
Q

Where does the gas exchange occur in humans?

A

In the alveoli

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7
Q

Is inhalation active or passive? How does inhalation occur?

A

Inhalation is active because it is the contraction of the diaphragm.

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8
Q

Is exhalation active or passive? How does exhalation occur?

A

Exhalation is passive, it happens by the relaxation of the diaphragm

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9
Q

How is oxygen carried and transported in vertebrates?

A

By hemoglobin in the red blood cells.

One hemoglobin protein can carry up to four molecules of O2

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10
Q

What drives gas diffusion?

A

The differences in partial pressure of CO2 and O2.

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11
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A

It is transported as a gas that due to a low pH binds to haemoglobin. The CO2 is then transported to the lungs.

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12
Q

What drives the unloading of O2 from heamoglobin?

A

O2 is unloaded from Haemoglobin until the partial pressure in the tissue and blood are equilibrated

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13
Q

How is the bodys pH controlled?

A

Through breathing.

Two of the products produced by the food we eat are CO2 and H+ (produced by cells)

The CO2 is breathed out and the H+ is excreted in urine primarily as ammonia

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14
Q

How does gills work?

A

Gills use a conutercurrent exchange system. Blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills. The blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets.

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15
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transport of:
- O2
- CO2
- Nutrients
- Ions to keep ionic balance
- Waste products
- Immune cells
- Endocrine signaling molecules
- Heat (temp regulation)

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16
Q

What are the three types of circulation?

A
  • No circulation
  • Open circulation
  • Closed circulation
17
Q

What are the properties for no circulation?

A
  • Rely on diffusion
  • Only in thin and/or small animals
  • Can be facilitated by animal movements
18
Q

Properties for open circulation?

A
  • Vessels only from and to the heart
  • Vessels empty in body cavities
19
Q

Properties of closed circulation?

A
  • Complete vessels including capilaries
  • Organized transport
  • All large animals
20
Q

How does the nematode C. elegans circulatory system work?

A
  • It lacks circulation so movement circulate the fluid instead.
  • O2 is transported by diffusion
  • Does not have a circulatory system.
21
Q

What type of circulatory system does arthropods have?

A
  • They have an open circulatory system
  • Insects can have multiple hearts which helps
  • They have a separate gas transport (trachea)
22
Q

Function of veins?

A

Delivering fluid to the heart

23
Q

Function of artery?

A

Delivering fluid away from the heart

24
Q

What type of heart does fish have?

A
  • They have a two chamber heart
25
Q

What type of heart does Amphibians have?

A

A three chamber heart

26
Q

What type of heart does birds and mammals have?

A

A four chamber heart

27
Q

What are all the steps in the transportation of blood through the heart of a mammal?

A

1) Body tissues
2) Vena cava (inferior and superior)
3) Right atrium
4) Right ventricle
5) Pulmonary arteries
6) Lungs
7) Pulmonary veins
8) Left atrium
9)Left ventricle
10) Aorta
And then back to 1)

28
Q

How does the electrical control of the heart contraction work?

A

1) Pacemaker generates wave of signals to contract
2) Signals are delayed at AV node
3) Signals pass to heart apex
4) Signals spread throughout ventricles

29
Q

Why is heart rate proportional to animal size?

A

Probably an adaptation to cope with high metabolic demand in small endotherms

(The inverse correlation between heart rate to mass is observed only in endotherms)

30
Q

Describe circulatory system in teleosts (fish)?

A
  • 2 chambers
  • 1 atrium, 1 ventricle
  • single loop
  • heart pumps only o2- poor blood
31
Q

Describe the amphibian circulatory system?

A
  • 3 chambers
  • 2 atria, 1 ventricle
  • redirects flow to skin while under water
32
Q

Describe circulatory system in reptiles?

A
  • 3 chambers
  • 2 artria, 1 ventricle
  • Septum in ventricle
  • shunting of o2-poor blood when not breathing
33
Q

Explain circulatory system in mammals and birds?

A
  • 4 chambers
  • 2 atria, 2 ventricles
  • right heart pumps o2-poor blood
  • left heart pumps o2 rich blood
34
Q

What are capillaries?

A
  • the smallest vessels that connect arteries and veins and they exchange gases, fluids and nutrients with tissues
35
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A network of vessels, nodes, organs and tissues that collects excess lymph fluid from human tissues and returns it to the blood stream.

Organism-Biologi (11 decks)

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