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Organism-Biologi > Lektion 2 - Invertebrates > Flashcards

Lektion 2 - Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

What properties are shared by animals?

A
  • Multicellular
  • Collection od “trans-dev” genes
  • Hetrotrophs (predators, herbivors, omnivores, detertivores)
  • specialized extracellular matrix
    -can move (celia or muscles)
  • nervous system
    -Epithelia and mesenchymes
  • sexual reproduction ;)
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2
Q

what is asymmetry in animals?

A

No organized body symmetry (ex sponges)

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3
Q

what is radical symmetry in animals?

A

The body is centered around a midline axis (cnidarians and ctenophores)
- no left/right or atero/posterior axis
- Oral-aboral axis defines

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4
Q

What is Bilateral symmetry in animals?

A

Plane of symmetry at the midline axis (bilaterians)

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5
Q

What are the basal non-bilaterian animals?

A

Sponges, cnidarians and ctenophores

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6
Q

do sponges have distinct organs?

A

no

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7
Q

do sponges have neurons?

A

no

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8
Q

How do sponges feed?

A

They are filter feeders

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9
Q

what is ostia?

A

pores on a sponge that water flows trough

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10
Q

What is the simplest animal?

A

sponge

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11
Q

Important facts about Cnidarians?

A

Nässeldjur:
-jellyfish and corals
-radial body plan
- one opening that functions as both mouth and anus
-predatory

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12
Q

what is endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm?

A

The ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers formed in early embryonic development. It is the outermost layer, and is superficial to the mesoderm (the middle layer) and endoderm (the innermost layer)

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13
Q

Does Cnidarians have ectoderm, endoderm and/or mesoderm layers?

A

ectoderm, endoderm

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14
Q

What ephithelia does a sponge have?

A

Edoderm - lining of the gut
Ectoderm - skin

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15
Q

Describe the cnidarian nervous system.

A
  • nerve net (ectodermal and endodermal)
  • simple nervous systems
  • sensory neurons and ganglion neurons
  • simple sensory organs calles rhopalia around the mouth
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16
Q

what are cnidocytes?

A

cnidocytes discharge a barbed thread that penetrates the prey when stimulated.
they are used for defence and protection
they are the hallmark for cnidarians

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17
Q

Facts about Ctenophores

A
  • swim with celia
    -have a through gut
    -body plan similar to cnidaria (ex radial body plan)
18
Q

what is the cambrian explosion?

A

a time period where there was a sudden explosion in amount of species that occured due to more plants outside of water that caused an explosion in oxygen.

19
Q

what charachterizes bilateria?

A

-Their body symmetry (bilateral)
-Mesoderm
- Coelomic cavities
-through gut

20
Q

What is cephalization?

A

evolution of a head at the anterior end with concentration of sense organ and enlarged brain

21
Q

what is the bilaterian body plan?

A
  • tube in a tube
  • gut mesoderm
  • body wall mesoderm
  • coeloms
22
Q

What are the functions of a coelom?

A
  • get bigger
    -distribute fluids with nutrients, waste and hormones
  • accomodate inner organs
    -hydroskeleton
23
Q

what is the mesoderm?

A

The mesoderm is the middle layer of the three germ layers that develops during gastrulation in the very early development of the embryo of most animals.

24
Q

What does it mean for a mesoderm to be schizocoely formed?

A

1) the mesoderm intercalates between the extoderm and endoderm
2) coeloms form by splitting the mass of mesoderm

Formed this way for protostomes (except flatworms and namatodes)

25
Q

What does it mean for a mesoderm to be enterocoely formed?

A

1) the mesoderm forms as a part of archenteron (primitive mesendoderm)
2) coeloms form by buldging out of the archenteron, separating mesoderm and endoderm

Formed this way for invertebrate deuterostomes

26
Q

What is the protostome lineage named after?

A

the blastopore becomes the mouth
(however a lot of prorostomes use deuterostomian mode of development)

27
Q

What is the deuterostomes linage named after?

A

The blastopore becomes the anus

28
Q

What are the two lineages of protostomes?

A

Spiralia and Ecdysozoa

29
Q

What type of animals are spiralia and what charachterizes them?

A

Molluscs, annelids, rotifers and flatworms

they are charachterized by a spiral development

30
Q

What type of animals are ecdysozoa and what charachterizes them?

A

Priapulids, Tardigrades, nematodes and arthopods

They are molting animals

31
Q

What are some facts about flatworms?

A
  • most are parasitic
  • ladder like nervous system
  • no circulatory system
    incomplete digestive system
    locomotion by cilia and/or muscle contraction
32
Q

what are some facts about flatworms?

A

-open circulatory system
-gills or lungs

33
Q

Facts about annelids?

A
  • open circulatory system
    -typical protostome body plan
34
Q

Facts about nematodes?

A

Rundmaskar:
-shed trhough molts
- simplefyed body plan (pseudocoelom instead of coelom)
-found in all habitats

35
Q

what does it mean for an annelid to be segmented?

A
36
Q

facts about arthropods?

A

Leddjur:
-segmented
-open circulatory system
- cuticle sheds trough molts
- found in all habitats

37
Q

what charachterizes arthropods?

A
  • a segmented body
  • appendages (jointed legs, wings, antenae, feeding appendages, actiones by muscles)
38
Q

What are some reasons for the success of land arthropods?

A

1) versatile exoskeleton
2) efficient locomotion
3) air piped directly to cells (terrestrial)
4) highly devellped sensory organs
5) complex behavior
6) metamorphosis

39
Q

facts about exoskeletons?

A
  • external (not enveloped by living tissue)
  • proteiction (makes them crynchy)
  • secreted by undelying epidermis
  • must be shed
    relatively heavy (limits size)
40
Q

what is the treachea breathing system?

A

arthropods
- tube system that carry air and can be ventilated by muscles
- more efficient than other invertebrates
- limits size

41
Q

what are som complex behavior patterns in arthropods?

A
  • complex organized activities
  • Eusociality (ants, bees)
  • may be innate (unlearned) or learned
42
Q

What are mandibulates

A

arthropods
four types: spiders, ticks, scorpions and limulidae
- mostly predatory

Organism-Biologi (11 decks)

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