Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Organism-Biologi > Lektion 7 - Neurons and nervous system > Flashcards

Lektion 7 - Neurons and nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What defines the nervous system (very broadly)?

A
  • Electrical signals
  • Fast communication
  • Short duration
  • Through nerve fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system (10 st)?

A
  • Sensing external enviroment
  • Sensing the internal enviroment
  • Regulation of muscle behaviors
  • Regulation of behaviors
  • Regulation of hormone secretion
  • Integration of several signals
  • Maintaining homeostasis
  • Thinking/philosophy
  • Pain/ avoid danger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

State of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the fundamental principle of the nervous system?

A

Integrates signals to elaborate appropriate responses in order to maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functional units of a nervous system called?

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the components of a neuron?

A
  • Dendrites
  • Soma / cell body
  • Axon hillock
  • Axon
  • Terminals (synaptic buttons)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the different types of neuron morphologies (different forms)?

A

1) Unipolar neuron
2) Bipolar neuron
3) Multipolar neuron
4) Pseudo-bipolar neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most common neuron morphology in vertebrates?

A

Multipolar neuron (interneurons and motoneurons)

Pseudo-bipolar neuron (typical sensory neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an axospinous synapse?

A

An axo-axonic synapse is a type of synapse, formed by one neuron projecting its axon terminals onto another neuron’s axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are three types of synapses?

A

1) Synapses with another neuron

2) Neuromuscular junctions

3) Neuroglanduar synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are som advantages of a centralized nervous system?

A
  • Higher density of neurons
  • Higher density of synapsis
  • Topic organisation
  • specialized circuits

MOST IMPORTANT:
- Co-localization with concentrated sense organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Does all vertebrates have the same brain parts?

A

Yes, only the size of the different region changes between lineages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is CNS?

A

Central nervous system:
- Motor neurons
- Inter-neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is PNS?

A

Peripheral nervous system:
- somato-motor axons (cell body in CNS)
- Sensory axons and ganglia
Sympathetic axons and ganglia (motor/effector)
- Parasympathetic axons and ganglia (motor/effector)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a short way to differentiate between CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: The brain and spinal cord

PNS: everything else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the Na-K pump what is exported and what is imported per cycle?

A

Th epump exports 3 Na+ and imports 2 K+ per cycle

18
Q

Is the conc of Na+ high inside the cell or outside of the cell?

A

The conc of Na+ is low in the cell and high outside of the cell

19
Q

Is the conc of K+ high inside the cell or low?

A

The conc of K+ is high in the cell an dlow outside of the cell

20
Q

What charge is there excess of inside the cell?

A

Negative charges

21
Q

What happens if the potassium channels open when there is a K+ gradient across the membrane?

A

The K+ will rush out of the cell

22
Q

If the sodium channels opens when there is a Na+ gradient across the membrane what happens?

A

Na+ will rush into the cell

23
Q

What are the most important ions in a cell?

A

K+, Na+ and Cl-

24
Q

What does it mean for neurons to have a resting potential and what is the resting potential?

A

Neurons at rest have a high K+ conductivity. The resting potential of neurons is ~-70 mV

25
Q

What is EPSP?

A

Exitatory post-synaptic potential:

Small depolarization of the plasma membrane

26
Q

What is IPSP?

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential:

Small hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane

27
Q

How does EPSP and IPSP work togheter?

A

The EPSP and IPSP in separate dendric spines sum up in the cell body

28
Q

What does it take for there to be action potential?

A

If the membrane potential reaches a threshold at the axon hillock (-55 mV) the neuron fires an action potential

29
Q

What are two ways of reaching the threshold for an action potential?

A

1) Spatial summation: many EPSPs happen simultaneously
2) many EPSPs happen successivly at high frequency

30
Q

What is stage 1) of AP?

A

1) resting phase:
Equilibrium between diffusion of K+ out of the cell and voltage pulling K+ into the cell

31
Q

What is stage 2) of AP?

A

2) Rising phase:
Stimulus causes threshold to be reached
Na+ channel activation gate opens

32
Q

What is stage 3) of AP?

A

3) Top of curve:
Maximum voltage reached
Na+ channel inactivation gate closes, K+ gate opens

33
Q

What is stage 4) of AP?

A

4) Falling and undershoot phases:
Undershoot occurs as excess K+ diffuses out before K+ channel closes
Na+ channel inactivation gate closed

Equilibrium is then rstored and K+ channel gate closes and Na+ channel activation gate closes. Inactivation gate opens

34
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

When the Na+ channels that have just opened and closed cannot open for a time. This insures so that AP does not travel backwards.

35
Q

What part of the brain matters the most?

A

The brain stem

36
Q

What are the six parts of the brain?

A

1) Frontal lobe
2) Temporal lobe
3) Pariental lobe
4) Occipital lobe
5) Cerebellum
6) Brainstem

37
Q

What is cephalization?

A

Cephalization is an evolutionary trend in animals that, over many generations, the special sense organs and nerve ganglia become concentrated towards the rostral end of the body where the mouth is located, often producing an enlarged head

38
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

(Storhjärnan)
It is the frontal lobe, Temporal lobe, parietal lobe and the occipital lobe.

39
Q

What is the brain limbic system?

A

The limbic system is a group of interconnected brain structures that help regulate your emotions and behavior.

40
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

(lillhjärnan)
Balance, posture, fin control movement and motor learning memory

41
Q

What is autonomic in PNS?

A

Regulates the function of the viscera (internal organs)
(works on its own)

42
Q

What is somatic in PNS?

A

Volontary nervous system (we can control)

Organism-Biologi (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions