legal and illegal performance enhancement Flashcards
What is an ergogenic aid
A substance or method that is thought to improve or improves an athletes performance . They may be legal or ilegal
Causes to dope
Extrinsic-external factors such as specific environment that in and fame and fortune
Intrinsic- pressure to perform
What is Blood doping?
Autologous infusions where an athletes extracts some of their blood, which is harvested and stored and then reinfused at a later date
Blood Doping: Who? Why? Issues
Who: aerobic athletes such as cyclists, endurance runners
Why? Increases EPO…Increases RBC…Increases oxygen carrying capacity of the blood…VO2 max increases
Issues?
-unethical
-transfusion of viruses: aids
-Hyperviscosity (thickening of the blood)
Blood clotting
Heart failure
Death
Altitude training: What, Why, Who
Athletes train at 2000-2400 m above sea level Benefits include: -more EPO -more RBC -increased HB volume and concentration
What is the live high train low principle
By living in high altitudes you have a higher concentration of RBC, increasing the efficiency of the body to deliver oxygen. The individual’s stroke volume and heart rate will be lower whilst training than other athletes because their body is more efficient at delivering oxygen to the working muscles
What is Intermittent Hypoxic training
It involves athletes wearing hypoxic masks, simulating training under high altitude conditions
Benefits of hypoxic training
Increases:
-efficiency of the body to take, transport and use oxygen
Chronic adaptations:
-increased rate that heart and lungs work at
-increased size of heart and lungs
-pulmonary oxygen transport increases
-EPO, RBC, HB and myoglobin concentrations increase
-increased production of HGH
Stimulants: eg, who, uses and effects
Caffeine, Amphetamines, Cocaine
Athletics, swimming and cycling
Increases: alertness awareness aggressive behaviour combats fatigue= more energetic
Effects: Increases
- Blood pressure
- Body temperature
- Insomnia
- Heart attacks
- Stroke
Narcotic analgesics: eg, who, uses and effects
Morphine, Codeine, Opiates
Any injured athlete
Reduces moderate to sever pain, allowing an athlete to continue exercising despite injury
Effects:
Highly addictive
Impairs judgement, balance, concentration
Further acute and chronic injuries
Develops and increased tolerance and need to take more of it for the same effects
Anabolic steroids: eg, who, uses and effects
Exogenous and endogenous
Strength and power based sports such as sprinting and weightlifting
Increase: -protein synthesis -aggressive behaviour Decreases: -recovery time between weight training -breakdown of muscle tissue by blocking specific enzymes
Issues Dependence Depression Sudden Death Insomnia Cancer Masculine attributes: facial hair
Beta-2 agonists: eg, who, uses and effects
Generally used to tread asthma. All forms are prohibited except bronchodilators prescribed by a doctor for asthma
Have an anabolic protein building effect on the body
Cause
- tremors
- tachycardia (excessive HB)
- Heart palpitations
- Headaches
- Sweating
- Nausea
Polypeptide hormones and analogues: eg, who, uses and effects
Human Growth Hormone(HGH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)
Strength, power and muscle bulk sports such as weightlifting, javelin and shot put
HGH:
Increase muscle and bone development
anti-inflammatory
mask anabolic steroids such as testosterone
Effects: Heart failure Diabetes Hypotension Decreased immune function Skin changes
IGF stimulate protein synthesis increase muscle bulk decrease muscle breakdown decreased body fat
effects:
Hypoglycaemia
Swelling of the brain
Diabetic Coma
Beta blockers: eg, who, uses and effects
Have a protein building effect on the bloodstream
Archery, Shooting
Reduce:
Tension
HR
Tremors
Increase:
Relaxation
A-VO2 difference
Issues:
Hypotension
Cardiac failure
Sever asthma
Masking agents: eg, who, uses and effects
Substances used to conceal or mask the presence of specific prohibited drugs tested for during athlete drug testing
Diuretics, Plasma Volume expanders
Anyone taking EPO, weightlifting, boxing
Masking agents
- increase urine excretion
- EPO to testosterone ratio
- alter RBC parameters
- block excretion of anabolic steroids
Diuretics
- mask anabolic steroids
- promote rapid water and electrolyte loss…ideal for weight loss
Effects:
Dehydration
Cramps
Cardiac arrythmia
