Chapter 2 SEM

Question 1

What is reciprocal causation?

Answer 1

Individuals behaviour can influence the environment and the environment can influence an individuals behaviour

Question 2

What is the difference between organisational change and policy?

Answer 2

Organisation change is the organisational characteristics of social institutions such as schools, including rules, regulations, guidelines and the governance of operation

Policy is the governance of incentives, resources and infrastructure for physical activity and inactivity

Question 3

Name the four components of the social ecological model

Answer 3

Individual
Social environment
Physical environment
Policy

Question 4

Explain the individual level of the SEM and give an example

Answer 4

Individual characteristics that influence pa. within individuals
e.g. behaviour and attitude
motivation and education

Question 5

How can you promote pa at an individual level

Answer 5

• print and web based media

- counselling

Question 6

What are the benefits of print and web-based media

Answer 6

don’t have to access the internet

internet resources are available such as interactive programs

Question 7

What are the disadvantages of print and web based media

Answer 7

it can be a Novelty

Question 8

Outline the 8 strategies counsellors use

Answer 8

1. Assessing Motivational Readiness
2. Matching process of change with motivational readiness
3. Identify opportunities to be active
4. Contracting
5. Social support
6. Reminder systems
7. Gradual programming
8. Tailoring

Question 9

Advantages and disadvantages of counselling

Answer 9

\+ = available in a variety of different forms 
- = may not be administered the best advice such as given green slips for medication when the issue could be resolved without medication

Question 10

What is the social environment of the SEM? Provide an example

Answer 10

Refers to the formal and informal social climate around individuals
An example is support networks from family and friends, trained individuals such as counsellors etc.

Question 11

How can you promote pa at the social environment

Answer 11

• Encouraging someone to be physically active
• Driving individuals to sporting activities
• Change cultural norms eg. pa only for males
• Changing interim norms changing social influences

Question 12

what are the two physical environment components of the SEM

Answer 12

• the natural environment
• the built environment

Natural factors e.g. weather, temperature
Build factors such as physical activity facilities such as bike ramps, sporting centres which can influence an individuals motivational readiness

Question 13

What are methods to promote pa at the physical environment level

Answer 13

• Provide access to the appropriate environments, such as swimming pools and gyms
• Traffic control near school areas to encourage students and children to walk or ride to school such as incorporating speed humps, bike tracks and bike racks

Question 14

What is organisational change??

Answer 14

The organisation characteristics of social institutions. They can enhance or impede upon an individuals physical activity.

Question 15

How to promote pa at the organisation change policy level of the SEM

Answer 15

• Changing work structure, e.g. increase work break for pa.
• Staff benefits
e.g. discount gym memberships
• Promote staff group activities

Question 16

What is policy? How can the SEM implement pa policies??

Answer 16

Governance of incentives, resources and infrastructure for physical activity and inactivity

SEM can implement policies and laws at a local, state and national level

Question 17

How can policy change be implemented by the SEM

Answer 17

• Mandatory hours of pa. to be complete by high school students in years 7-10 (100 minutes per week)
• 40km speed limits in school zones during school hours