Lectures 7-9 Flashcards
What 3 things did mendel propose in Mendels Pea experiments ?
1)proposed inheritance involved particles
2) each organism is made from complete set of its own genes
3) dominant vs recessive genes
What is the dominance or recessiveness of a gene and what usually gets expressed and why? (double amount)
When versions of a gene are presented ie: smooth/wrinkly skin and only one gets dominated (taken) and other is recessed (masked)
Dominant gene is usually expressed because need 2 copy’s of recessive gene to express
What is mendelian genetics (2 things)
1) genes have two copy’s (1 per parent)
2) Idea of recessiveness and dominance
How often does the dominant gene get expressed compared to the recessive gene?( ../4)
dominant gene: expressed 3/4 of time
recessive gene: expressed 1/4 of
time
What is DNA and it’s 2 parts
Genes written in the language of a molecule
1) sugar back bone chain
2) nucleotide cross bonds
What are the 2 nucleotide base pairs in DNA and how do they form? (braiding hair..)
1) C, G- cytosine,guanine
2) A-t- adenine, thymine
Bind to one another and twist into double helix
What are chromosomes, what does haploid and diploid represent and which one represents humans? (think pairs)
Each Dna molecule forms complex with other molecules , Humans are diploid -
2 sets (1 per parent)
Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes
Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes
How many chromosomes do human have ?
23 pairs, 46 chromosomes total
How does meiosis occur and is it haploid or diploid? (2 steps)
1) offspring receives 1 copy of chromosome pair per parent
2) produces sperm eggs (gametes)
HAPLOID
What is gene linkage?
Genes on same chromosome usually inherited together
What does the act of crossing over mean? ( tulip inherits daisy petals)
Mix up of chromosomes and makes hybrid
What do sequences of nucleotide bases represent?
Represents genetic code/ info stored in DNA
What are the 4 versions of nucleic acids in genetic code and their uses? (SNRS) (codes,produces)
1) Structural proteins- code DNA, produce proteins
2) ncRNA-producing non coding RNA
3) Regulation of process- controls when and how much DNA/RNA to put out
4) stuff we don’t know
What 2 step process is involved with producing proteins ?
1) transcription
2) translation
3 step process of transcription
1) take and open up dna molecule to read DNA strand
2) use base pairs to make mirror image of RNA molecule FROM DNA
3) RNA leaves cell to make proteins and MRNA
What is the 2 step process of translation in production of making proteins? (letter delivery… in a way)
1) MRNA finds ribosome
2) gives instructions on how to build protein molecule
What is a codon (2) where does it occur and what’s its function? (proteins) (construction boss, delegates..)
Smallest unit of code, occurs in ribosomes and has sequence of 3 base pairs.
Use: specifys what building blocks next in proteins till complete
What is a protein and it’s 2 category’s and uses?
String of amino acids
1) structural proteins- based on peritcular structure
2) enzymes- control chemical reactions, special proteins
The sequence of base pairs in DNA codes information used for? (2 productions, 1 regulation)
1) producing proteins
transcription-> mRNA
Translation-> protein
2) producing non coding RNA (ncRNA)
3) Gene regulation
What is an operator?
(what do operators manage on equipment? whether it’s … or not)
Region of DNA that controls whether or not the DNA region that codes for structural genes is active or not.
What are transcription factors and the 2 factors that go along with them? (like getting better benefits as a pretty girl) FOR FACTORS HINT: Two kinds of people in party’s : people who bring the party… or …
proteins that can interact with the operaters, controls gene communication
2 FACTORS
1) repressers: turns structural gene down or off
2) Activaters: increases amount of expression in structural gene (turns gene UP)
How much genetic variation is there between me and random people and me and my child?
Me and random people: 99.9% similar, 0.1% not similar- 3 million differences in DNA
Me and my child: 2 thousand differences in DNA ( cut in half)
What are alleles and adaptive alleles? (traits)
Alleles: most genes exist in various forms, different alleles= different traits
Adaptive alleles are traits that provide advantageous/survival/ adaptive use
What does it mean to have polymorphic genes or polygenic traits? POLY-many
Polymorphic genes: having 7 different variety’s of genes in a species
Polygenic traits: is traits determined by more than 1 gene
