Lectures 7-9 Flashcards
What 3 things did mendel propose in Mendels Pea experiments ?
1)proposed inheritance involved particles
2) each organism is made from complete set of its own genes
3) dominant vs recessive genes
What is the dominance or recessiveness of a gene and what usually gets expressed and why? (double amount)
When versions of a gene are presented ie: smooth/wrinkly skin and only one gets dominated (taken) and other is recessed (masked)
Dominant gene is usually expressed because need 2 copy’s of recessive gene to express
What is mendelian genetics (2 things)
1) genes have two copy’s (1 per parent)
2) Idea of recessiveness and dominance
How often does the dominant gene get expressed compared to the recessive gene?( ../4)
dominant gene: expressed 3/4 of time
recessive gene: expressed 1/4 of
time
What is DNA and it’s 2 parts
Genes written in the language of a molecule
1) sugar back bone chain
2) nucleotide cross bonds
What are the 2 nucleotide base pairs in DNA and how do they form? (braiding hair..)
1) C, G- cytosine,guanine
2) A-t- adenine, thymine
Bind to one another and twist into double helix
What are chromosomes, what does haploid and diploid represent and which one represents humans? (think pairs)
Each Dna molecule forms complex with other molecules , Humans are diploid -
2 sets (1 per parent)
Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes
Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes
How many chromosomes do human have ?
23 pairs, 46 chromosomes total
How does meiosis occur and is it haploid or diploid? (2 steps)
1) offspring receives 1 copy of chromosome pair per parent
2) produces sperm eggs (gametes)
HAPLOID
What is gene linkage?
Genes on same chromosome usually inherited together
What does the act of crossing over mean? ( tulip inherits daisy petals)
Mix up of chromosomes and makes hybrid
What do sequences of nucleotide bases represent?
Represents genetic code/ info stored in DNA
What are the 4 versions of nucleic acids in genetic code and their uses? (SNRS) (codes,produces)
1) Structural proteins- code DNA, produce proteins
2) ncRNA-producing non coding RNA
3) Regulation of process- controls when and how much DNA/RNA to put out
4) stuff we don’t know
What 2 step process is involved with producing proteins ?
1) transcription
2) translation
3 step process of transcription
1) take and open up dna molecule to read DNA strand
2) use base pairs to make mirror image of RNA molecule FROM DNA
3) RNA leaves cell to make proteins and MRNA
What is the 2 step process of translation in production of making proteins? (letter delivery… in a way)
1) MRNA finds ribosome
2) gives instructions on how to build protein molecule
What is a codon (2) where does it occur and what’s its function? (proteins) (construction boss, delegates..)
Smallest unit of code, occurs in ribosomes and has sequence of 3 base pairs.
Use: specifys what building blocks next in proteins till complete
What is a protein and it’s 2 category’s and uses?
String of amino acids
1) structural proteins- based on peritcular structure
2) enzymes- control chemical reactions, special proteins
The sequence of base pairs in DNA codes information used for? (2 productions, 1 regulation)
1) producing proteins
transcription-> mRNA
Translation-> protein
2) producing non coding RNA (ncRNA)
3) Gene regulation
What is an operator?
(what do operators manage on equipment? whether it’s … or not)
Region of DNA that controls whether or not the DNA region that codes for structural genes is active or not.
What are transcription factors and the 2 factors that go along with them? (like getting better benefits as a pretty girl) FOR FACTORS HINT: Two kinds of people in party’s : people who bring the party… or …
proteins that can interact with the operaters, controls gene communication
2 FACTORS
1) repressers: turns structural gene down or off
2) Activaters: increases amount of expression in structural gene (turns gene UP)
How much genetic variation is there between me and random people and me and my child?
Me and random people: 99.9% similar, 0.1% not similar- 3 million differences in DNA
Me and my child: 2 thousand differences in DNA ( cut in half)
What are alleles and adaptive alleles? (traits)
Alleles: most genes exist in various forms, different alleles= different traits
Adaptive alleles are traits that provide advantageous/survival/ adaptive use
What does it mean to have polymorphic genes or polygenic traits? POLY-many
Polymorphic genes: having 7 different variety’s of genes in a species
Polygenic traits: is traits determined by more than 1 gene
How do all these different genes contribute to variation?
Each generations genes are recombined from parents to off spring, so offspring can have unique genes and phenotypes (traits)
What is the normal path to determine biological sex in both make and female (STT, STTM) and what are the sex chromosomes pair for male and female?
Female: XX chromosomes
Sex determining region Y gene
Testes determining factors
Testes
Male: XY chromosomes
Sex determining region Y gene
Testes determining factors
Testes
Male anatomy physiology
What’s the difference between sex linked genes and sex limited genes? (dolly parton breasts on a guy?? because of his genes?)
Sex linked genes are genes relating to traits while sex limited means sexually dimorphic traits limited by if your f or m
How many genes does it take to make a human?
20,000
What makes up a major contribution of phenotypic complexity? (2 things) motion of the ocean
About how you use the gene pool not how big it is and gene regulation that allows for complexity
What is epigenetics and the 3 epigenetic Phenomena? (GS,AGS,nc…)
study of heritable changes in phenotype (traits) caused by mechanism other than dna sequence of structural genes
1) gene splicing
2) alternative gene splicing
3) ncRNA
Whats the difference between gene splicing and alternative gene splicing? (a surgeon doing surgery and troyzer)
Gene splicing, genes are inserted into genome of different organism
Alternative gene splicing, 1 gene coding to make multiple proteins
What 3 things can ncRNA affect?
1) traits-phenotypes
2) gene regulation
3) physiological processes
Do genes relate to behaviour, and if so what was the study to really show strong evidence and what was the evidence? ( psychological characteristics..)
Yes we can inherit behaviour. Tryons maze dull/bright rat experiment showed strong evidence that psychological characteristics could be strongly influenced by genes
In the study of relatives( minnesota twin study) what were the most interesting findings?
Twins even when adopted out were remarkably the same, same jobs(labour wise), same poses for pictures, IQ was similar
What are the 3 laws of behaviour genetics- 2016 Plomin et AL study? (genetic influence, heritability)
1) all psychological traits studied show significant genetic influence
2) no psychological traits are 100% inheritable
3) heritability of psychological traits is due to influence of many genes with small effects
