Lectures 7-9

Question 1

What 3 things did mendel propose in Mendels Pea experiments ?

Answer 1

1)proposed inheritance involved particles
2) each organism is made from complete set of its own genes
3) dominant vs recessive genes

Question 2

What is the dominance or recessiveness of a gene and what usually gets expressed and why? (double amount)

Answer 2

When versions of a gene are presented ie: smooth/wrinkly skin and only one gets dominated (taken) and other is recessed (masked)

Dominant gene is usually expressed because need 2 copy’s of recessive gene to express

Question 3

What is mendelian genetics (2 things)

Answer 3

1) genes have two copy’s (1 per parent)
2) Idea of recessiveness and dominance

Question 4

How often does the dominant gene get expressed compared to the recessive gene?( ../4)

Answer 4

dominant gene: expressed 3/4 of time
recessive gene: expressed 1/4 of
time

Question 5

What is DNA and it’s 2 parts

Answer 5

Genes written in the language of a molecule
1) sugar back bone chain
2) nucleotide cross bonds

Question 6

What are the 2 nucleotide base pairs in DNA and how do they form? (braiding hair..)

Answer 6

1) C, G- cytosine,guanine
2) A-t- adenine, thymine

Bind to one another and twist into double helix

Question 7

What are chromosomes, what does haploid and diploid represent and which one represents humans? (think pairs)

Answer 7

Each Dna molecule forms complex with other molecules , Humans are diploid -
2 sets (1 per parent)
Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes
Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes

Question 8

How many chromosomes do human have ?

Answer 8

23 pairs, 46 chromosomes total

Question 9

How does meiosis occur and is it haploid or diploid? (2 steps)

Answer 9

1) offspring receives 1 copy of chromosome pair per parent
2) produces sperm eggs (gametes)
HAPLOID

Question 10

What is gene linkage?

Answer 10

Genes on same chromosome usually inherited together

Question 11

What does the act of crossing over mean? ( tulip inherits daisy petals)

Answer 11

Mix up of chromosomes and makes hybrid

Question 12

What do sequences of nucleotide bases represent?

Answer 12

Represents genetic code/ info stored in DNA

Question 13

What are the 4 versions of nucleic acids in genetic code and their uses? (SNRS) (codes,produces)

Answer 13

1) Structural proteins- code DNA, produce proteins
2) ncRNA-producing non coding RNA
3) Regulation of process- controls when and how much DNA/RNA to put out
4) stuff we don’t know

Question 14

What 2 step process is involved with producing proteins ?

Answer 14

1) transcription
2) translation

Question 15

3 step process of transcription

Answer 15

1) take and open up dna molecule to read DNA strand
2) use base pairs to make mirror image of RNA molecule FROM DNA
3) RNA leaves cell to make proteins and MRNA

Question 16

What is the 2 step process of translation in production of making proteins? (letter delivery… in a way)

Answer 16

1) MRNA finds ribosome
2) gives instructions on how to build protein molecule

Question 17

What is a codon (2) where does it occur and what’s its function? (proteins) (construction boss, delegates..)

Answer 17

Smallest unit of code, occurs in ribosomes and has sequence of 3 base pairs.
Use: specifys what building blocks next in proteins till complete

Question 18

What is a protein and it’s 2 category’s and uses?

Answer 18

String of amino acids
1) structural proteins- based on peritcular structure
2) enzymes- control chemical reactions, special proteins

Question 19

The sequence of base pairs in DNA codes information used for? (2 productions, 1 regulation)

Answer 19

1) producing proteins
transcription-> mRNA
Translation-> protein
2) producing non coding RNA (ncRNA)
3) Gene regulation

Question 20

What is an operator?
(what do operators manage on equipment? whether it’s … or not)

Answer 20

Region of DNA that controls whether or not the DNA region that codes for structural genes is active or not.

Question 21

What are transcription factors and the 2 factors that go along with them? (like getting better benefits as a pretty girl) FOR FACTORS HINT: Two kinds of people in party’s : people who bring the party… or …

Answer 21

proteins that can interact with the operaters, controls gene communication

2 FACTORS
1) repressers: turns structural gene down or off
2) Activaters: increases amount of expression in structural gene (turns gene UP)

Question 22

How much genetic variation is there between me and random people and me and my child?

Answer 22

Me and random people: 99.9% similar, 0.1% not similar- 3 million differences in DNA

Me and my child: 2 thousand differences in DNA ( cut in half)

Question 23

What are alleles and adaptive alleles? (traits)

Answer 23

Alleles: most genes exist in various forms, different alleles= different traits

Adaptive alleles are traits that provide advantageous/survival/ adaptive use

Question 24

What does it mean to have polymorphic genes or polygenic traits? POLY-many

Answer 24

Polymorphic genes: having 7 different variety’s of genes in a species

Polygenic traits: is traits determined by more than 1 gene

Question 25

How do all these different genes contribute to variation?

Answer 25

Each generations genes are recombined from parents to off spring, so offspring can have unique genes and phenotypes (traits)

Question 26

What is the normal path to determine biological sex in both make and female (STT, STTM) and what are the sex chromosomes pair for male and female?

Answer 26

Female: XX chromosomes
Sex determining region Y gene
Testes determining factors
Testes

Male: XY chromosomes
Sex determining region Y gene
Testes determining factors
Testes
Male anatomy physiology

Question 27

What’s the difference between sex linked genes and sex limited genes? (dolly parton breasts on a guy?? because of his genes?)

Answer 27

Sex linked genes are genes relating to traits while sex limited means sexually dimorphic traits limited by if your f or m

Question 28

How many genes does it take to make a human?

Answer 28

20,000

Question 29

What makes up a major contribution of phenotypic complexity? (2 things) motion of the ocean

Answer 29

About how you use the gene pool not how big it is and gene regulation that allows for complexity

Question 30

What is epigenetics and the 3 epigenetic Phenomena? (GS,AGS,nc…)

Answer 30

study of heritable changes in phenotype (traits) caused by mechanism other than dna sequence of structural genes
1) gene splicing
2) alternative gene splicing
3) ncRNA

Question 31

Whats the difference between gene splicing and alternative gene splicing? (a surgeon doing surgery and troyzer)

Answer 31

Gene splicing, genes are inserted into genome of different organism

Alternative gene splicing, 1 gene coding to make multiple proteins

Question 32

What 3 things can ncRNA affect?

Answer 32

1) traits-phenotypes
2) gene regulation
3) physiological processes

Question 33

Do genes relate to behaviour, and if so what was the study to really show strong evidence and what was the evidence? ( psychological characteristics..)

Answer 33

Yes we can inherit behaviour. Tryons maze dull/bright rat experiment showed strong evidence that psychological characteristics could be strongly influenced by genes

Question 34

In the study of relatives( minnesota twin study) what were the most interesting findings?

Answer 34

Twins even when adopted out were remarkably the same, same jobs(labour wise), same poses for pictures, IQ was similar

Question 35

What are the 3 laws of behaviour genetics- 2016 Plomin et AL study? (genetic influence, heritability)

Answer 35

1) all psychological traits studied show significant genetic influence
2) no psychological traits are 100% inheritable
3) heritability of psychological traits is due to influence of many genes with small effects