Lectures 13-15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are ions responsible for (2)

A

Responsible for moving ions in an out of cell to make action potential happen

responsible for difference in charge across neural membrane

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2
Q

What are atoms made of and what 3 things does it contain (PEN)

A

Made of subotomic particles

Protons
Electrons
Neurons

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3
Q

What charges are Protons, neurons and electrons

A

Protons are positive
electrons are negative
neurons are uncharged in this case

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4
Q

What state allows action potentials to occur? Hint: scale, balance

A

When there is more positive charge inside a neuron, more negative charge outside of neuron

This state of imbalance is what allows action potential to occur

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5
Q

What do volts measure?

A

Measure electrical potential

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6
Q

What’s the typical volt charge in humans ?

A

70 milivolts (mv)

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7
Q

What is membrane permeability and what how is it produced ?

A

Things that can/t permeate by ion channels

Produced by proteins

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8
Q

what’s 2 forces drive ion to move in or out of cell?

A

1 concentration gradient force
2 electrical gradient force

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9
Q

What is an ion(definition) Hint: Balance

A

Atoms that have imbalanced electrical charges

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10
Q

What are the two types of ions and their charges?

A

Anion- negatively charged
Cation-positively charged

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11
Q

What kind of molecule is water, and what makes it this way?

A

Polar molecule, one side has more negative charge, other side has more positive charge

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12
Q

What are cations and anions attracted to?

A

Anions are more attracted to positive end
Cations are more attracted to negative ends (opposites attract)

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13
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

Fatty substance, 2 fatty acids back to back create a cell membrane

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14
Q

What are the Cell membranes permeable (1) and non permeable chemicals (2)? (Remember BBB permeables)

A

Small lipid soluble molecules
can permeate

Large or electrically charged molecules cannot permeate

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15
Q

How do ions move in and out of cell, and what product created it?

A

By ion channels(holes) created by proteins

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16
Q

What is gating and what are two main factors that influence it?

A

Channels that change shape(open or closed)

Two factors:
Voltage dependent
Chemical dependent

17
Q

what does voltage dependent mean?

A

Opens or closes gate depending on what surround membrane potential is

18
Q

what does chemical dependent mean?

A

Chemical is presented and gate decides whether or not it will stay closed or open up,

19
Q

What are the three ways ions are able to permeate the Cell membrane? (Ch,Ch,S)

A

1) Through Channels: only allow particular ions to move through

2) Chemical dependent: By being a certain chemical

3) Surroundings: Able to permeate based off of what’s already in the membrane

20
Q

What are the two forces that drive ion movement?

A

1) concentration gradient force
2) electrical gradient force

21
Q

What is the concentration Gradient force? ( think of drop of food dye in glass of water…)

A

Random motion of matter, chemicals move down the gradient trying to become equally separated . Tries to move to lower area of concentration essentially.

22
Q

What is electrical gradient force? (the long triangle!!)

A

Positive and negative charges that are attracted to one another, BUT are repelled by the like charge. (positive charge loves negative charge, but is repped by positive charge )

23
Q

Why’s there a difference of charge within the membrane potential, and what are they? (4) HINT: banana in the ocean…

A

Due to 4 ions
Na-sodium
Cl-chloride
K-potassium
Proteins

24
Q

The 4 ions impacting a difference in charge in the membrane potential,
are found where in higher concentration in a neuron ?

A

Na and Cl are found in higher concentration outside neuron

K and proteins are found in higher concentration inside neuron

25
4 factors influencing movement in the membrane (SECS)
Selective permeability electrical gradient force Chemical gradient force sodium potassium pump
26
What are the 4 changes you can see in membrane potential ?
Hyperpolarization depolarization resting potential action potential
27
What is the difference between sub threshold de polarization and a supra threshold (opposites)
Sub threshold: not enough threshold to conduct an action potential Supra threshold: big enough de polarizations to still conduct an action potential
28
What is an Action potential ?
rapid reversible self propagating change in membrane potential
29
What are the 3 phases of an action potential?
Rising phase Peak and falling phase After hyperpolarization
30
What happens in the rising phase of an action potential?
Membrane continues to depolarize, sodium and Potassium channels open and sodium rushes in Becomes more positively charged
31
What happens in the peak and falling phase of an action potential?
Peaks out, while potassium channels still open, leaks out potassium voltage sensitive sodium channels inactivate(change shape and close). Becomes more negatively charged overall
32
What happens in the after hyper polarization phase of an action potential?
Gets even more negatively charged as excessive potassium leaves Overshoots and returns back to resting membrane potential to rinse and repeat cycle
33
What are the three steps to how propogation happens?
1) sodium diffuses causing supra threshold 2) depolarization opens voltage gated sodium channels 3) triggers Action potential in adjacent(near) regions
34
Why do action potentials only move in a forward region?
The inactivating property of sodium channels (during 4 changes in membrane potential) propagate to move things only forward