Lecture 26-29 Flashcards
What’s gross anatomy and the peripheral nervous system and it’s function (controls m and..) and central nervous system?
gross anatomy is collection of all neurons and supporting cells
Central nervous system: is inside brain skull
and spinal cord
PNS: eveything outside of skull and spinal cord
controls movement and brings feedback from ligaments and skin
What are afferent and efferent (s,m) and their functions
(sends to initiate .., receives and carry’s)
afferent: sensory neurons, receive and carry info into PNS
EFFERENT: motor neurons, sends info to PNS to initiate action
What does the autonomic division of the PNS do? (3 functions, Carry out F and S, interact with..,reg..)
carry out functions and sensory info
regulate processes
interact with glands and internal organs
What do Efferents and afferent do in PNS Sympathetic division? (ramp up,prepare body..(n experience); slow..,rest digest, (e) experience)
Efferent: ramps up activity and prepares body for action, fight or flight reponse(nervous experience)
afferent: slows down activity for to conserve energy for exciting experience
What’s the two
main differences between the sympathetic (varied way) and parasympathetic (orchestra) Nervous system and their neurotransmitters? (3 more differences go into one of them:
Point.. e and e, location..,organization of..
NEUROTRANSMITTER FOR Sympathetic NS: norepinephrine
NT for Parasympathetic NS: Acetylcholine
1 functionally different
2. anatomically different (3 things fall under)
-Point of entry and exit
1. Parasympathetic leaves from brain or spinal cord
2. sympathetic leaves from middle of spinal chord
-location of Ganglia
1. Parasympathetic- found beside the heart
2. sympathetic- found close to spinal cord
Organization of Ganglia
1: Parasympathetic NS: works less like entire unit, effects vary
2; Sympathetic NS: works in orchestrated way, all parts are active and sends messages saying what’s parts are
What nervous system is the spinal cord part of and is incased in what?
Spinal cord is part of central nervous system and is incased in bones
CNS has higher density of what than which nervous system and what’s more complicated within CNS?
CNS has higher density of neurons than Peripheral nervous system and more complicated organization
What are the 6 directions of the central nervous system map? (MOL,POM,VOD)(remember all opposites- cen:si ; to..:bot ; fro , bac)
- medial- close to middle
lateral-close to sides/outside - posterior-bottom of nervous system
and medial-nose (peak) of nervous sytem - Ventral-front of ns
Dorsal-back of nervous system
What are the four ways your able to chop the brain ? Fr,Ho,cro,sag
- frontal view: front to back
- horizontal view: parallel to horizon
- cross sectional view: viewing top to bottom
4.saggital view: cutting through middle
What’s the highway that connects brain to body ? What does it allow and what three things does it contain (CC,CG,WM)(safest way)
It’s the peripheral nervous system, allows neurons to get to brain and body in safest way possible. Contains three things
Central grey
white matter
central canal
What’s the bell magendie law and motor axons and cranial nerves functions? (sens.. are usually d.. parts: mot.. usually v.. parts) (info to.., ; breath,holes made by..)
bell magendie law: dorsal parts of spinal cord are sensory pathways, motor pathways are usually ventral parts of spinal cord
Motor axons use: carry info to active muscles in body
Cranial nerve function: nerves that are holes in body to let skin breath
What’s one benefit for each: motor and ventral pathways? (more.. than motor, preserving motor..)
Ventral is more protected than motor
preserving motor pathways (moving) is more important than preserving sensory capabilities (ventral)
What are the two most simple possible circuits? (knee, touching..) and what is a reflex? (automatic.. produced)
patellar tenan reflex and touching hot stove
a reflex is automatic behaviours produced by right stimuli
what’s the 5 criteria to divide the brain up? (Gross,cell: T,Org,Ch, Connec.)
Gross physical features: obvious physical differences
Cell types: differences in size/power
cell chemistry: chemical differences between neurons
cellular organization: differences in structure
connections with other parts of nervous system- neurons can’t produce behaviour themselves
What are circuits of activity used for? (behav..)
produce psychological functions and “behaviour” in a way
What are the easy and hard functions to see in the brain? (2 for advantages: obeserve,detect) (3 hard things: see connec, techn,results)
Easy
1. observe directly by slicing brain
2. detect neurotransmitter places under microscope
hard to
1. see connections with other parts of NS cuz there’s so many
2. techniques may be hard to interpret
3. results may be misinterpreted
What’s localization of function? (diff locations…)
different locations of brain play different roles
What is inside the hind brain (m) and what are its three functions? (regul..,cont,release)
medulla inside hind brain performs life sustaining functions
regulate heart rate and breathing
control breathing
release toxins from body -
vomiting
What are the two functions of metencephelons? (p,cerre) (mot and ar, mot and cog)
pons-motor and arousal
cerebellum- motor coordination and some cognitive functions
What are the two halves of the midbrain and their two functions? (Two T’s) (First t contains two different colliculi (sup,infer) what are they what do they do?) (Second T: continuation of SPM, substantial nigra,disease)
2 halves of midbrain is tectum and tegmentum
Tectum has colliculi (balls) and has ability to follow movement of sight or sound
Superior colliculi -visual tracking
inferior colliculi-auditory tracking
Tegmentum function: continuation of spinal cord medulla and pons
Cause of parkinson’s disease by death of neurons (substanti nigra) and other movement functions
What’s the reticular activating system function? (interconnected between TMP and projects, drives g and deve)
drives growth and development
collection of interconnected neurons through tegmentum medulla and pons and project onto forebrain
Why’s brain stem damage so dangerous? (3 things: life needed, life altering, threatening..)
- life needed neurons are in there
- injury’s result in life alte ring implications due to disruption of arousal
- bad enough injury’s can cause death or very severe vegetative state
what’s a concussion and what you must have in order to consider it as one? (moment of .. and reduced)
Must have moment of lost consciousness
to be concussion: must have moment of reduced awareness
forebrain contains what? and what’s it’s function and 2 nuclei function (thal) (VP,LG) (importance in.. EXCEPT Se,to,sme)
forebrain contains thalamus which has different subregions of nuclei. 2 in specific VPN AND LGN
function of thalamus is importantance in sensory relay station except sense touch smell
What do the two nuclei’s in thalamus do? (LGN,VPN) (vis,asses)
lgn: part of visual pathway
VPN: asses touch and pain
function of hypothalamus and it’s two nuclei that are important? (feedings, life susta..) (4 behaviours (FEE,FEA,FIG,Se) go into function) (LH,VM)
function of hypothalamus is to perform life sustaining functions
like feeding behaviour fear behaviour fighting behaviour and sexual behaviour
made up of two hypothalamic nuclei
LHA-stimulates hunger and arousal and may play important role in narcolepsy
VMN-signals satiety
What can differences in LHA and VMM circuits mean?
can account for why some people are hungrier and eat more than others, circuits are varied person to person
Can account for differences in feeding behaviour
