Lecture 26-29

Question 1

What’s gross anatomy and the peripheral nervous system and it’s function (controls m and..) and central nervous system?

Answer 1

gross anatomy is collection of all neurons and supporting cells

Central nervous system: is inside brain skull
and spinal cord

PNS: eveything outside of skull and spinal cord
controls movement and brings feedback from ligaments and skin

Question 2

What are afferent and efferent (s,m) and their functions
(sends to initiate .., receives and carry’s)

Answer 2

afferent: sensory neurons, receive and carry info into PNS
EFFERENT: motor neurons, sends info to PNS to initiate action

Question 3

What does the autonomic division of the PNS do? (3 functions, Carry out F and S, interact with..,reg..)

Answer 3

carry out functions and sensory info
regulate processes
interact with glands and internal organs

Question 4

What do Efferents and afferent do in PNS Sympathetic division? (ramp up,prepare body..(n experience); slow..,rest digest, (e) experience)

Answer 4

Efferent: ramps up activity and prepares body for action, fight or flight reponse(nervous experience)

afferent: slows down activity for to conserve energy for exciting experience

Question 5

What’s the two
main differences between the sympathetic (varied way) and parasympathetic (orchestra) Nervous system and their neurotransmitters? (3 more differences go into one of them:
Point.. e and e, location..,organization of..

Answer 5

NEUROTRANSMITTER FOR Sympathetic NS: norepinephrine

NT for Parasympathetic NS: Acetylcholine

1 functionally different
2. anatomically different (3 things fall under)
-Point of entry and exit
1. Parasympathetic leaves from brain or spinal cord
2. sympathetic leaves from middle of spinal chord

-location of Ganglia
1. Parasympathetic- found beside the heart
2. sympathetic- found close to spinal cord

Organization of Ganglia
1: Parasympathetic NS: works less like entire unit, effects vary
2; Sympathetic NS: works in orchestrated way, all parts are active and sends messages saying what’s parts are

Question 6

What nervous system is the spinal cord part of and is incased in what?

Answer 6

Spinal cord is part of central nervous system and is incased in bones

Question 7

CNS has higher density of what than which nervous system and what’s more complicated within CNS?

Answer 7

CNS has higher density of neurons than Peripheral nervous system and more complicated organization

Question 8

What are the 6 directions of the central nervous system map? (MOL,POM,VOD)(remember all opposites- cen:si ; to..:bot ; fro , bac)

Answer 8

1. medial- close to middle
   lateral-close to sides/outside
2. posterior-bottom of nervous system
   and medial-nose (peak) of nervous sytem
3. Ventral-front of ns
   Dorsal-back of nervous system

Question 9

What are the four ways your able to chop the brain ? Fr,Ho,cro,sag

Answer 9

1. frontal view: front to back
2. horizontal view: parallel to horizon
3. cross sectional view: viewing top to bottom
   4.saggital view: cutting through middle

Question 10

What’s the highway that connects brain to body ? What does it allow and what three things does it contain (CC,CG,WM)(safest way)

Answer 10

It’s the peripheral nervous system, allows neurons to get to brain and body in safest way possible. Contains three things
Central grey
white matter
central canal

Question 11

What’s the bell magendie law and motor axons and cranial nerves functions? (sens.. are usually d.. parts: mot.. usually v.. parts) (info to.., ; breath,holes made by..)

Answer 11

bell magendie law: dorsal parts of spinal cord are sensory pathways, motor pathways are usually ventral parts of spinal cord

Motor axons use: carry info to active muscles in body

Cranial nerve function: nerves that are holes in body to let skin breath

Question 12

What’s one benefit for each: motor and ventral pathways? (more.. than motor, preserving motor..)

Answer 12

Ventral is more protected than motor

preserving motor pathways (moving) is more important than preserving sensory capabilities (ventral)

Question 13

What are the two most simple possible circuits? (knee, touching..) and what is a reflex? (automatic.. produced)

Answer 13

patellar tenan reflex and touching hot stove

a reflex is automatic behaviours produced by right stimuli

Question 14

what’s the 5 criteria to divide the brain up? (Gross,cell: T,Org,Ch, Connec.)

Answer 14

Gross physical features: obvious physical differences

Cell types: differences in size/power

cell chemistry: chemical differences between neurons

cellular organization: differences in structure

connections with other parts of nervous system- neurons can’t produce behaviour themselves

Question 15

What are circuits of activity used for? (behav..)

Answer 15

produce psychological functions and “behaviour” in a way

Question 16

What are the easy and hard functions to see in the brain? (2 for advantages: obeserve,detect) (3 hard things: see connec, techn,results)

Answer 16

Easy
1. observe directly by slicing brain
2. detect neurotransmitter places under microscope

hard to
1. see connections with other parts of NS cuz there’s so many
2. techniques may be hard to interpret
3. results may be misinterpreted

Question 17

What’s localization of function? (diff locations…)

Answer 17

different locations of brain play different roles

Question 18

What is inside the hind brain (m) and what are its three functions? (regul..,cont,release)

Answer 18

medulla inside hind brain performs life sustaining functions

regulate heart rate and breathing
control breathing
release toxins from body -
vomiting

Question 19

What are the two functions of metencephelons? (p,cerre) (mot and ar, mot and cog)

Answer 19

pons-motor and arousal
cerebellum- motor coordination and some cognitive functions

Question 20

What are the two halves of the midbrain and their two functions? (Two T’s) (First t contains two different colliculi (sup,infer) what are they what do they do?) (Second T: continuation of SPM, substantial nigra,disease)

Answer 20

2 halves of midbrain is tectum and tegmentum

Tectum has colliculi (balls) and has ability to follow movement of sight or sound

Superior colliculi -visual tracking
inferior colliculi-auditory tracking

Tegmentum function: continuation of spinal cord medulla and pons

Cause of parkinson’s disease by death of neurons (substanti nigra) and other movement functions

Question 21

What’s the reticular activating system function? (interconnected between TMP and projects, drives g and deve)

Answer 21

drives growth and development

collection of interconnected neurons through tegmentum medulla and pons and project onto forebrain

Question 22

Why’s brain stem damage so dangerous? (3 things: life needed, life altering, threatening..)

Answer 22

1. life needed neurons are in there
2. injury’s result in life alte ring implications due to disruption of arousal
3. bad enough injury’s can cause death or very severe vegetative state

Question 23

what’s a concussion and what you must have in order to consider it as one? (moment of .. and reduced)

Answer 23

Must have moment of lost consciousness

to be concussion: must have moment of reduced awareness

Question 24

forebrain contains what? and what’s it’s function and 2 nuclei function (thal) (VP,LG) (importance in.. EXCEPT Se,to,sme)

Answer 24

forebrain contains thalamus which has different subregions of nuclei. 2 in specific VPN AND LGN

function of thalamus is importantance in sensory relay station except sense touch smell

Question 25

What do the two nuclei’s in thalamus do? (LGN,VPN) (vis,asses)

Answer 25

lgn: part of visual pathway
VPN: asses touch and pain

Question 26

function of hypothalamus and it’s two nuclei that are important? (feedings, life susta..) (4 behaviours (FEE,FEA,FIG,Se) go into function) (LH,VM)

Answer 26

function of hypothalamus is to perform life sustaining functions
like feeding behaviour fear behaviour fighting behaviour and sexual behaviour

made up of two hypothalamic nuclei
LHA-stimulates hunger and arousal and may play important role in narcolepsy
VMN-signals satiety

Question 27

What can differences in LHA and VMM circuits mean?

Answer 27

can account for why some people are hungrier and eat more than others, circuits are varied person to person

Can account for differences in feeding behaviour