Lectures 19-22(only first 3 slides)

Question 1

What happens in the 4th step (signaling) of neurotransmission?

Answer 1

The presence of neurotransmitters are detected by neurotransmitter receptors

Question 2

What are receptors made up of and what 4 important characteristics do they have?
HINT for characteristics: amines, classical neurotransmitters, 1 for 1, (abc;123;…;…)

Answer 2

Made up of membrane protein complexes
1) different signals for same receptor=different reaction
2) Neurotransmitter’s are made for specific receptors (1for1)
3) Most Nts have multiple receptor subtypes (classical neurotransmitter,amino acid)
4) all different naming rules

Question 3

What are the 5 different naming rules for receptors we learned?

Answer 3

1) alphabetical subscripts : GABA(a)
2) numerical subscripts: Dopamine: D(1),D(2)
3) named by drugs that active them: nicotinic-(acetylcholine)
4) named be roman numerals: Glutamate
5) some named by NT and some named by drug: Glutamate- canate receptor(drug)

Question 4

What are the 2 general classes of receptors and how do they differentiate?

Answer 4

Differentiated by type of signalling
1) Ionotropic- does so through ion channel, changes membrane
2) Metabotropic- initiate cascade of chemical events

Question 5

What is an ionotropic receptor and it’s 3 characteristics? keep it sweet and …

Answer 5

Has ion channel and changes the membrane, known as fast transmission
1) Direct-really fast
2) rapid onset
3) short lived

Question 6

How does an ionotropic receptor function, 3 stages(2. possibility’s of channels)

Answer 6

1) Allow ion flow through channel in response to neurotransmitter
ONE OF TWO WAYS IT CAN GO
2) IF sodium or calcium channel opens causes depolarization(exciting, closer to an action potential) (influx-rushes into cell)

IF Potassium or chloride channel open causes hyperpolarization by potassium or chloride flowing out of cell

Question 7

What are the 3 functional domains (parts) of ionotropic receptors and there functions?detector selector, common ground

Answer 7

1) ligand binding-detects Neurotransmitter
2) Pore-ion channel
3) Ion selectivity filter- channel selects neurotransmitter

Question 8

What is the ion selectivity filter made up of and what are the 3 characteristics of that particular make up?

Answer 8

Made from multiple protein sub units

3 characteristics for sub units:
1) many different alleles, functions vary
2) Clinically significant in human disorder s
3) Characteristics may vary sub unit to sub unit

Question 9

What are the 4 important things to remember about metabotropic receptors and what do they initiate?

Answer 9

initiate cascade of chemical events

4 things to remember
1) G proteins
2) effector molecules
3) second messenger
4) mediators

Question 10

What are the 4 steps in metabotropic receptors (tickling)

Answer 10

1) metabotropic receptors bind to NT
2) tickles G protein and has impact on effector molecule
3) produces a 2nd messenger:(whatever molecule the effector ended up making after touching G Protein. Changes in amount of concentration too)
4) Mediator alters activity in molecule then mediates with substrates

Question 11

Who is the 1st,2nd and “third” messenger in metabotropic receptor processes? (like three step drama)

Answer 11

1st messenger: Neurotransmitter
2nd messenger: Effector molecule after G protein touches it and changes concentration
“3rd messenger”: mediator; who 2nd messenger interacts with after

Question 12

Overall, What does receptor activation lead to? (changes in…) M

Answer 12

Leads to changes in the activity of mediator enzymes

Question 13

5 Processes altered by mediator enzymes: CCOGS

Answer 13

1) cell physiology/ structure
2) channels
3) other enzymes
4) Genes
5) structural proteins

Question 14

What are the 3 features of Metabotropic receptors?

Answer 14

1) Indirect
2) Slow on set
3) long lived

Question 15

What two kinds of “transmissions” (one each) do we use to refer to 1) metabotropic receptors 2) Ionotropic receptors? Think about the different features of both receptors…

Answer 15

Metabotropic receptors- known as slow transmission as they are long living
Ionotropic receptors- Known as fast transmission as they are short lived

Question 16

Why are metabotropic receptors amplified? HINT: Why is its process so slow…?

Answer 16

Due to all the steps it must take, but increases amount of product each step resulting in 100’s of substrates in end.

For reference: 1 NT turns into 5 G proteins, 5 G proteins to 5 effector molecules, 5 effectors into 50 2nd messengers, 50 2nd messengers into 50+ mediators, 50+ mediators into 100s of substrates

SHORTENED FORM:
1 turns to 5
5 turns to 50
50 turns to 50+
50+ turns into 100’s

Question 17

What is the structure of a metabotropic receptor? (1) And it’s 2 domains? chicken and talking…

Answer 17

structure: 1 protein
1) Nt interactions
2) G protein interactions

Question 18

What is the 5th step of neurotransmission and its use?

Answer 18

Termination of actions, What neurons use to end a message

Question 19

What are the two processes your able to use to terminate actions in step 5 of neurotransmission? SEND ER UP
BREAK ER DOWN

Answer 19

1) re uptake: remove NT from synapse with re uptake transporter (synaptic transporter)
2) Degradation: destroys NT using catalytic enzymes and many steps

Question 20

What is a synaptic transporters use and what is catalysis/catalyzing use? HINT: catastrophe, moving things back up into..

Answer 20

Synaptic transporter: re up take (bring up) Neurotransmitters into cell from synapse
Catalysis: Breaking things down

Question 21

What is synaptic transmission? nt going opposite sides…

Answer 21

Nt is released at synapse, travels across synaptic cleft to interact with receptor directly across in post synaptic cell

Question 22

What is a neuromodulater and what 3 ways do we confirm if it is an neuromodulater? (travels, odd big travels)

Answer 22

def: Neurotransmitters working in a different way than usual

1) Travels far away from site of release to perform effects
2) Modulates effects of neurotransmission at other synapses
3) volume transmission

Question 23

3 Steps in neuromodulation
(transforming NT) , what two things does it effect/change …

Answer 23

1) NT is released
2) Has Actions further away from synapse; turns into neuromodulater
3) neuromodulater then has effects that modulate how cell responds to different NT’s and different synapses

Question 24

What 2 types of receptors are found in Pre synaptic terminal and what do they do?

Answer 24

Autoreceptors- function as feed back loop: has info about how much NT is being released/ still floating around

Heteroreceptors: another anme for axoaxomic synapses: between 1 axon and another, CAN CAUSE hyper or de polarization

Question 25

What does integration (summation) do and what is the spontaneous firing rate? (the judges, random decisions)

Answer 25

Integration: Judges when to fire Action Potential based off of all relevant post synaptic activity.

Spontaneous firing rats: Firing of an action potential every once in a bit, Without synaptic input

Question 26

What are the 2 Types of Post synaptic events and what do they do? (movement, changes, think metabotropic features)

Answer 26

1) Post synaptic potentials- allow ion movements into or out of cell that cause changes in membrane potential

2) change in enzyme activity’s- creates diverse indirect long lasting effects on neuronal structure/function

Question 27

In the 2 types of post synaptic events (post synaptic potentials and changes in enzymes) what receptor (metabotropic or ionotropic) does each bind with or initiate from?

Answer 27

Post synaptic potentials:
initiate indirectly from metabotropic or directly with ionotropic

Changes in enzymes: initiated my metabotropic receptor activation

Question 28

What are the 2 types of post synaptic potentials and what happens during them? yay!! EXCITING, IN the depths) opposites

Answer 28

1) excitatory post synaptic potential: Post synaptic de polarization(becomes more positive) -closer to firing A.P (very exciting!!)
2) inhibitory post synaptic potential : post synaptic hyper polarization, becomes more negative and farther from firing A.P

Question 29

What are excitatory psps and inhibitory psps caused by? (1 of two things for each)

Answer 29

1) Excitatory:caused by influx (flowing into cell) in Sodium or Calcium

2) Inhibitory: Caused by influx in Chloride (flowing into cell) or efflux or Potassium (flowing out of cell)

Question 30

What are the 2 ways Post synaptic potential differ from action potentials and explain? (I’m going to get a good grade.., the evil queen in bowls moving castle )

Answer 30

1) Graded potentials- psps vary in intensity; can have different grades. A.ps are all or nothing law
2) not self propagating- diminish in strength as travelling away from site of initiation

Question 31

4 Steps of integration/summation
THE JUDGES whether or not…

Answer 31

1) adding up activity in synapses within comparable time period
2) Factoring in how far away from one another
3) seeing how everything summates(adds up) to fire A.P
4) resulting in change in membrane potential in axon hillock

Question 32

What is the spatial summation principal and temporal summation principal?
(the decision makers, double the team,double the …)

Answer 32

Spatial summation:
Synapses closer to axon hillock have bigger decision on whether or not to fire action potential compared to synapses further away from axon hillock

Temporal summation:
the closer the two synapses (temporal threshold) are in activity the bigger the total effect

Question 33

What is pharmacology and what’s a drug? (altering of … for drug )

Answer 33

Pharmco: Study of effect on drugs on living things

-Any chemical or combo of chemicals that alter biological function, structure when administered. EXCEPT those for normal health maintenace

Question 34

What are psychoactive drugs and what’s their purpose? (goes back in a loop)

Answer 34

alters thoughts feelings actions, to change thoughts feelings actions

Question 35

What are the 2 ways drugs affect synaptic transmission? (think two characters in a storybook and what they do)

Answer 35

Antagonist- decrease activity in synapse
agonist- increase activity in synapse