Lecture 22-25 Flashcards
How do antagonists affect neurotransmission? (One each for five steps) (blocks,promotes)
Blocks/reduces synthesis of NT
blocks reduces storage in vesicles
Blocks reduces/release of NT
block or reduce activation of NT receptors
promote re uptake NT breakdown
How do agonists affect neurotransmission?( enhance,promote,activate,block reduce)
enhance synthesis of NT
enhance storage in vesicle
promote or directly cause NT to release
activate NT receptors or enhance sensitivity
Blocks/reduce NT re uptake
why do some people have more side effects then others? due to four things (NS,metabo,circ,interact)
All our nervous system are different
all metabolize drugs differently
circulation
how drug interacts with body
What are drug effects?
Drugs produce effects we do/don’t want
What are the three complications of drugs? (affect more,psych effects determined..,nature of..)
many drugs Affects more than one type of NT
psychological effects are determined by how drug affects info processing in brain circuits
How drug alters circuit depends upon nature of it
what are the two drugs that effect neurotransmission in more than one way and how? (e,c)
ecstasy-effects vesicular storage and reuptake for serotonin
cocaine-inhibits dopamine re uptake transporter and activates dopamine receptor
What do drug effects relate to? (where in..,functions of
drugs effects relate to where drug is distributed in brain and functions of NT/receptor
What are side effects? and how are they produced
changes we don’t want produced by drugs effect on synapses
what’s the ideal drug? 3 things should be effected (only1.., particular b..vary) Produce..
produce desired effect in brain and circuits
Affects only 1 NT/receptor
affects particular brain area
effects aren’t varied (1 thing)
What are recreational drugs?
meds we take cause we like them not because we need them
What effects do drugs produce and what two mechanisms mediate drug effects? (psy,phys) (psyc..s and c)
drugs produce psychological physiological effects
Mechanisms that mediate drugs: psychoactive synapses and circuits
what’s the prevalence of rec. drugs?
1/20 people misuse drugs on regular basis in USA
relationship between dosage and effect of drug? and what are the routes of administration?
Route of administration matters, most effective inhalation
Other routes: oral,injection,trans nasal,trans dermal
Where was nicotine found how long did it take to spread globally and routes of administration for it? (3 routes)
South america took less than 400 years to spread globally
Routes of administration: Inhalent,trans dermal,trans mucusol
very lipid soluble, get nic sick from sticking butt in a bucket of nicotine
What are the four psychological effects of nicotine? (increase a,suppress,enhance cog..,stimulates…)
Increases arousal
enhance cognitive ability’s
stimulates nausea
suppress appetite
what are the 2 physiological effects of nicotine? (increased..,reduced..)
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
reduced muscle tone- relaxed feeling of smoking
Nicotine mechanism of actions (2 steps) and what is nicotines NT receptor and receptor and is it agonist or antagonist?
NT Receptor is acetylcholine, is agonist. RECEPTOR: cholinergic receptor
- Acetylcholine produces effects by activating cholinergic receptors in post synaptic neurons
- Nicotine then acts by activating certain cholinergic receptor
How’s ethyl alcohal produced? (yeast having a feast)(can be con..)
produced by fermentation of edible sugars and can be concentrated through distillation
How to find dose of alcohal taken? (volume,%)
volume drank times the percentage of alcohal =dose taken of alc.
3 steps to alcohols clearance and how does it take to clear alcohol?
(IMD)
INPUT- drinking alcohal
metabolized by alcohal dehydrogenase enzyme
Alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme destroys alcohol molecule
up to 24 hrs
Enzymes are inducable what’s that mean? Depends upon 2 things (t.L,B.M)
How much your body makes of enzyme depends upon, varys highly
1. tolerance levels
2. body mass
how much alcohol effects you depends on two things:
d,a
dosage
absorption of body
Alcohol is eliminated passively through?
(KLSS)
Kidneys
lungs-breath out alchohol
molecule
stinken drunken-smell drunk
skin-secretes alcohol molecule through pores
What are BAL and the equation for
a male?
blood alcohol
levels, alcohol (mg) divided by 100 ml blood
equation for adult male : approx number of drinks (ml) - time consumed(hrs) *0.015
What’s the driving alcohol
limit and the limit to lose your license?
0.5 for driving
0.8 to lose your license
What are the 7 alcohol levels of performance and what do they mean? (M,may..,L,G,S,C,D)
Below 0.4- mild intoxication- no effect
0.4- may be viewed as intoxicated but barely
0.8- legal intoxication, some visibly drunk
0.16-gross intoxication- interpersonal could see they’re drunk
0.28- stupor-responsive,semi conscious
0.32- coma- unresponsive, im onions
0.048-0.5- death- lethal dose of alc, Nervous system shuts down
What’s inhibitory control?
(f U or thank U)
Controls impulses and can be very impactful. Saying f u to service worker who gives you your grocery’s instead of thank you
What are the 4 psychological effects of alcohol? (Brain,Im,Im,Im) What does the level of impairment depend on too?
Brain depressant-inhibitory to all functions
Impaired cognitive function
impaired motor function
impaired sensory function
impaired inhibitory control
Level of impairment depends on dosage
What are the three physiological effects of alcohol? (so much pee,lots of snacks!,metabolize what peopel like most is reduced)
- Pee region is inhibited (antiuretic)and secretion is produced much more (need to pee more)
- increased appetite, gastric secretion
- inhibits fat metabolism: less ability to metabolize fats when alcohol in system
Mechanism of action for alcohol (THE TWO G’s) and what happens when alcohol enter system (promote,inhibit) (first G: ups,two steps; second G: 3 steps, increase decrease, downs.neuron)
cells work poorly, has two NT effects on GABA AND GLUTAMATE
- GABA Agonist increases activity in synapse, by binding to GABA receptors and enhancing NT (upping activity) to create stronger reaction
- GLUTAMATE.antagonist inhibits neuronal activity
- disrupts cell membrane
- increase in GABA NT
- decrease GLUTAMATE NT
Why does GABA and gluatamate have such broad effects?
as they’re found in all different regions and alcohol disrupts eveything
Where was marajuana first derived from and first recreationally used? Also what happened in 1920?
India was derived from
first used recreationally in caribbean
prohibition of alcohols in 1920, weed got popular instead
what are the benefits (3) and routes of administration of marajuana? (2)
benefits
1. increase appetite
2. suppress pain,nausea
3. reduce anxiety
routes of administration
1. inhalent-bong (most effective)
2. orals: edibles-oils
Psychological effects of marajuana? ( RAIIE)
- reduced anxiety and pain perception
- amotivational syndrome: weed smokers less motivated than those who don’t
- increase appetite
- Impairment: short term memory, perception, motor coordination
- Euphoria
Physiological effects of MJ? (5) (RIRRI)(reduced)
- Reduced want for sex aggression
- increased libido
- respiratory effects: damage bronchodilation
- reproductive system effects: reduced fertility in F AND M
5, Increased heart rate and dilated blood vessels
what’s bronchodilation and damage ?
bronchodilation is relaxing of throat
damage: is hot air from smoking causing damage to lung tissue
MJ can play as what in some disorders?
Mj marajuana can play as a tipping point in some recurring disorders like schizophrenia
what are the two main Marajuana molecules and mechanism of action (2 steps) (Canna. r,Ana. NT binds) effects whole
two main molecules in marajuana: CBD ,THC
mechanism of action
1. Cannabinoid receptors bind to Anandamine NT and 2 molecules bind to receptor
2. MJ affects whole brain, binds widespread
