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sports science 1102 > lectures 7 > Flashcards

lectures 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Function

A 
- Support
• Protect
• RBC development
• Nutrient storage
• Frame for movement
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2
Q

Origin & Insertion

A

The muscle’s origin is attached to the more stable bone

• The insertion of the muscle attaches to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

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3
Q

Joints

A 
• Joints between bones allow movement
• Range of motion (ROM) of the joints may be influenced by
– Structure of the bone
– Type of joint it forms
– Muscle attachment points
– Muscle size
– Flexibility
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4
Q

Joint structure

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilnginous
  • synovial
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5
Q

Fibrous

A

– Lacks joint cavity

– Limited or no movement

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6
Q

Cartilaginous

A

– Lacks joint cavity

– Limited movement

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7
Q

Synovial

A

– Has a joint cavity

– Movement variable

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8
Q

Synovial joints movement limited by

A

– Structure of the bone
– Strength & tautness of ligaments & tendons
– Size & arrangement of muscles that span
the joint

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9
Q

synovial joints

A 
– Gliding
– Hinge
– Pivot
– Condyloid
– Saddle
– Ball & Socket
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10
Q

Movements

A 
• Flexion & Extension
• Abduction & Adduction
• Rotation
– Internal & external rotation
• Circumduction
• Pronation & Supination
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11
Q

define flexibility

A

The range of motion (ROM) in a joint or series of joints

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12
Q

Factors affecting flexibility

A 
Anatomical factors
– Muscle
• Muscle bulk
• Muscle extensibility
• Muscle strength
– Connective tissue
• Tendon, ligament & joint capsule
– Bone structure
• Sets limits on joint ROM
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13
Q

What factors influence flexibility?

A
  • Age
    – Gender
    – Physical activity & lifestyle
    – Environmental conditions
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14
Q

Flexibility - Age

A

• Decreases as childhood progresses to early
adolescence
• Increases slightly at late adolescence
• Decreases throughout adulthood

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15
Q

Flexibility - Gender

A
  • Women are more flexible than men at all ages
    – Less prominent bony landmarks
    – Less muscle bulk
    – Less connective tissue around joints
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16
Q

what is the value of flexibility

A 
– Increase ROM in a ballistic
movement
– More aesthetic positions
can be adopted
– Prevention of injury?
17
Q

Exceptions of flexibility in sport

A 
High contact sport
• Strong joint capsules around
ankles, knees & shoulders
are essential
– These joints should not be
ultra flexible like those of
swimmers & gymnasts
18
Q

what is important in swimming for flexibility

A

– Arm F-E necessary in Fly, Fr & Ba but not Br
– Foot D-P flexion necessary in Fly, Fr & Ba
– Thigh lat rot and thigh flex for Br
– exception - girl Ba too high arm flex - adduct

19
Q

what is important in gymnastics for flexibility

A

– Arm F-E is important
– Thigh F-E necessary
– Thigh abduction is important
– Foot plantar flexion

20
Q

what is important in diving for flexibility

A 
– Trunk F-E is important
– Trunk rotation
– Foot plantar flexion
– Above average arm F-E
• But not as great as gymnasts
21
Q

what is important in running for flexibility

A

– Thigh F-E is important to maximise stride

length

22
Q

What are the 3 main
characteristics of
muscle?

A

• Creates movement - Contractile component
– Shortens when developing tension
• Can stretch - Extensibility
– Being able to stretch a muscle beyond its normal
resting length
• Will return to original shape - Elasticity
– Ability to return to its normal length after being
stretched

23
Q

skeletal muslce

A 
• Connected to bones via tendons
• Contraction is voluntary
– You must think about the movement for it
to happen
• Muscle shorten during contraction
• Only pull – they do not push
24
Q

Neuromuscular function

A

• Info is sent via an electrical impulse
• Nerves act in a similar manner as an electric cable
• When neural messages are sent to the muscle from the CNS they travel along motor neurons
• Information is sent back via sensory neurons
• Information sent from the brain
• Down the spinal cord
• To the target muscle
• For muscle contraction &
movement to occur

25
Q

what are the two types of stretching

A
  • viscous

- elastic

26
Q

elastic strecthing

A
  • spring like behaviour
  • strain immediate when stressed is applied
    temporary or recoverable enlongation
  • energy stored during loading is returned
27
Q

stretching techniques

A

– Static stretching
– Ballistic stretching
– Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
(PNF)

28
Q

neural pathways

A
  • Information sent from the brain
  • Down the spinal cord
  • To the target muscle
  • Movement occurs
  • But how long does this take?
29
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

• Protect the body from harm
• Does not require input from the brain for skeletal muscle to contract
- Reciprocal Inhibition
• Muscle spindles & Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
– The stretch (myotatic) reflex
– The inverse stretch (myotatic) reflex

30
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

• Tendency for the antagonist to relax while the agonist
contract
• Mediated by spinal reflex but the higher centre has a modifying influence

31
Q

Stretch reflex

A
  • In response to a rapid stretch
  • The muscle contracts
  • Regulating muscle length
  • Protecting the muscle from damage
32
Q

Inverse stretch reflex

A 
• Involuntary muscle
relaxation triggered by
the GTO
• Slow contraction or
stretch on the tendon
exceeds a critical level
• The reflex action inhibits
muscle contraction
• Reducing tension
33
Q

Static Stretching

A
  • Passive or active
  • A slow steady movement where the muscles are gradually placed on stretch
  • Then held for 30 s
  • Relax
  • Repeat after 60 s
  • Uses the autogenic inhibition
34
Q

what is active streching

A

• Active stretching requires the
athlete to provide the force for
the stretch

35
Q

what is passive stretching

A

• Passive stretching requires the athlete to relax while a partner provides the force for the stretch (externally)

36
Q

Ballistic Stretching

A
  • Ballistic involves rapid muscle actions
    • Invokes the stretch reflex that does not allow the involved muscle to relax
    • Ballistic movements take place during competition so the athlete needs to be prepared
    • Athletes are thoroughly warmed up before performing ballistic stretching
37
Q

PNF

A

• A stretch is applied slowly to a muscle group
• The limb is resisted as that muscle is contracted
for approximately 6 sec,
• The athlete is then able to move the limb to new
position
• Steps 2 & 3 are repeated twice more
• Note: It is imperative that the partner does not
force the limb during the stretch phase

sports science 1102 (9 decks)

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