lecture 1-3 Flashcards
What is functional anatomy
a field of sports science that relates to the physical capacities of humans and how they affect performance e.g body shape, power, speed ect
The 4 stage approach
1- Understanding:
- develop an understanding of how structure relates to function.
- How human morphology or structure provides an advantage or disadvantage for the performance of certain movements which make up a sports performance
2- Assessment:
- we need to measure these physical capacities. At the same time we need to understand factors which affect the resulting scores from these tests the meaning of the variables and their limitations.
- Body type, body composition, proportionality, flexibility, strength, power, speed.
- Subjective analysis with/out visual aids: spectator analysis, cause and effect analysis, skill analysis
- Objective analysis
3- Modification:
- Alter the physical capacities to suit a biomechanically sound technique
- alter the technique to suit the physical capacities
- alter both to arrive at the best combination
- is the modification easy to modify (strength, power flexibility), difficult (body type body composition, speed, agility), almost impossible (proportions)?
4- Outcome
- Has the modification been successful or not?
- Should we attempt further modification?
- Do we need to modify the technique slightly to accommodate this new structure?
Somatotype
- is a way of describing human physique Three numeral rating system (always in the same order) - Endomorphy (relative fatness) - Mesomorphy (relative muscularity) - Ectomorphy (relative linearity)
Primary germ layers:
- Endoderm: digestive system
- Mesoderm: skeletal muscle, skeleton
- Ectoderm: CNS, skin and hair
Calculating somaotypes:
- Sheldon:
- Revealed 3 primary components of human morphology
- Closed rating scale 1-7
Endomorph
- Round and soft
- Large head and wide face
- Short and tapering limbs
- Tendency for premature baldness
Mesomorph
- Square and hard
- Long neck, variable head size
- Rugged and muscular limbs
- Sturdy pelvis and broad hips
Ectomorph
- Linear and fragile
- Slight head, long slender neck
- Limbs long in the distal segment
- Skin tends to be dry and thin
Health and Carter:
- Formalised calculation
- Gold standard = anthropometry and photoscopic
- Rating scale open ended due to extreme physiques
Photoscopic method
- rating art
- Jesus Christ
- 1-5-3 (mesomorph) to 1-3-7 (ectomorph)
Somatochart
- extremes are 7
- central characteristics: 3-4
- somatotype has 3 components so is best represent in 3D space
The mean of a set of somatotypes
= average of each of the components
Eg mean of 3-4-2 and 1-4-4 = 2-4-3
how does gender effect the somatotype of someone
Males: 80% meso-endo to meso-ecto
Female: greater spread of somatotypes
- 20% balanced (or central)
- never get high numbers in the three categories
somatotype – extremes:
1.5-11-1 male body builder
Dinka tribesman: 1.5-1-9
Obese males: 12.5-4-0.5
factors that can effect somatotype
- gender
- racial variations
- extremes
Somatotype & performance
• Obviously somatotype is not the only factor in
determining one’s ability to perform at an elite
level. It is just one of the many ingredients.
• However, combined with capacities such as body
composition, proportionality, flexibility, strength
& power; body type is valuable in assessing a
persons suitability for a particular sport.
how does the mean affect the somatotype on the graph
– A range of somatotypes will cluster around the mean
– Ice hockey
A large scatter also in events where different positions
require specialist body types
– Basketball
- A large scatter in events where body type has only a minor
influence
– Golf
what are some general observations in somatotypes and gathering results
- Less data available for elite females
- Significant differences between male & female
athletes at the elite level
what somatotype would a gymanst have
male: 1.5-6-2
female: 2-4-3
what somatotype would a diver have
male: 2-5.5-2.5
female: 3-4-3
what somatotype would a body builder have
male: 2-8.5-1
female: 2.5-5-2.5
what somatotype would a weight lifter/wrestler have
male: 2-7-1
what somatotype would a open class lifter have
male: 5-9-0.5
