lecture 1-3

Question 1

What is functional anatomy

Answer 1

a field of sports science that relates to the physical capacities of humans and how they affect performance e.g body shape, power, speed ect

Question 2

The 4 stage approach

Answer 2

1- Understanding:
- develop an understanding of how structure relates to function.
- How human morphology or structure provides an advantage or disadvantage for the performance of certain movements which make up a sports performance
2- Assessment:
- we need to measure these physical capacities. At the same time we need to understand factors which affect the resulting scores from these tests the meaning of the variables and their limitations.
- Body type, body composition, proportionality, flexibility, strength, power, speed.
- Subjective analysis with/out visual aids: spectator analysis, cause and effect analysis, skill analysis
- Objective analysis
3- Modification:
- Alter the physical capacities to suit a biomechanically sound technique
- alter the technique to suit the physical capacities
- alter both to arrive at the best combination
- is the modification easy to modify (strength, power flexibility), difficult (body type body composition, speed, agility), almost impossible (proportions)?
4- Outcome
- Has the modification been successful or not?
- Should we attempt further modification?
- Do we need to modify the technique slightly to accommodate this new structure?

Question 3

Somatotype

Answer 3

-	is a way of describing human physique 
Three numeral rating system (always in the same order) 
-	Endomorphy (relative fatness) 
-	Mesomorphy (relative muscularity) 
-	Ectomorphy (relative linearity)

Question 4

Primary germ layers:

Answer 4

• Endoderm: digestive system
• Mesoderm: skeletal muscle, skeleton
• Ectoderm: CNS, skin and hair

Question 5

Calculating somaotypes:

Answer 5

• Sheldon:
• Revealed 3 primary components of human morphology
• Closed rating scale 1-7

Question 6

Endomorph

Answer 6

• Round and soft
• Large head and wide face
• Short and tapering limbs
• Tendency for premature baldness

Question 7

Mesomorph

Answer 7

• Square and hard
• Long neck, variable head size
• Rugged and muscular limbs
• Sturdy pelvis and broad hips

Question 8

Ectomorph

Answer 8

• Linear and fragile
• Slight head, long slender neck
• Limbs long in the distal segment
• Skin tends to be dry and thin

Question 9

Health and Carter:

Answer 9

• Formalised calculation
• Gold standard = anthropometry and photoscopic
• Rating scale open ended due to extreme physiques

Question 10

Photoscopic method

Answer 10

• rating art
• Jesus Christ
• 1-5-3 (mesomorph) to 1-3-7 (ectomorph)

Question 11

Somatochart

Answer 11

• extremes are 7
• central characteristics: 3-4
• somatotype has 3 components so is best represent in 3D space

Question 12

The mean of a set of somatotypes

Answer 12

= average of each of the components

Eg mean of 3-4-2 and 1-4-4 = 2-4-3

Question 13

how does gender effect the somatotype of someone

Answer 13

Males: 80% meso-endo to meso-ecto
Female: greater spread of somatotypes
- 20% balanced (or central)
- never get high numbers in the three categories

Question 14

somatotype – extremes:

Answer 14

1.5-11-1 male body builder
Dinka tribesman: 1.5-1-9
Obese males: 12.5-4-0.5

Question 15

factors that can effect somatotype

Answer 15

• gender
• racial variations
• extremes

Question 16

Somatotype & performance

Answer 16

• Obviously somatotype is not the only factor in
determining one’s ability to perform at an elite
level. It is just one of the many ingredients.
• However, combined with capacities such as body
composition, proportionality, flexibility, strength
& power; body type is valuable in assessing a
persons suitability for a particular sport.

Question 17

how does the mean affect the somatotype on the graph

Answer 17

– A range of somatotypes will cluster around the mean
– Ice hockey
A large scatter also in events where different positions
require specialist body types
– Basketball
- A large scatter in events where body type has only a minor
influence
– Golf

Question 18

what are some general observations in somatotypes and gathering results

Answer 18

• Less data available for elite females
• Significant differences between male & female
  athletes at the elite level

Question 19

what somatotype would a gymanst have

Answer 19

male: 1.5-6-2
female: 2-4-3

Question 20

what somatotype would a diver have

Answer 20

male: 2-5.5-2.5
female: 3-4-3

Question 21

what somatotype would a body builder have

Answer 21

male: 2-8.5-1
female: 2.5-5-2.5

Question 22

what somatotype would a weight lifter/wrestler have

Answer 22

male: 2-7-1

Question 23

what somatotype would a open class lifter have

Answer 23

male: 5-9-0.5