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sports science 1102 > lectures 3-4 > Flashcards

lectures 3-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Body Composition Models

A

Anatomical or Fluid/Mineral

  • 2-compartment Model
  • FM
  • LBM (FFM)
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2
Q

why is body comositon useful

A
  • Sport Science
  • Determine competition or race weight
  • Assess & monitor growing athletes
  • Monitor the effect of change to diet & exercise
  • Medicine & public health
  • Epidemiology of disease & body composition
  • Detect atypical growth due to disease, eating
    disorder, malnutrition
  • Concept of ideal body weight
  • Child health, growth & development
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3
Q

Factors Affecting Body Comp

A
  • genetic
  • hormonal
  • environmental
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4
Q

what is body fat for

A

 Insulation
 Thermogenesis
 Energy

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5
Q

Skeletal tissue

A 
 Longitudinal skeletal growth has usually
been completed by early adulthood
 Bones adapt to stress by increasing or
decreasing
 Width
 Mineral density
 Architecture
 Skeletal mass accounts for ~23% of
total mass in the adult
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6
Q

The effect of aging and fat and muscle

A

 Fat levels tend to rise in both men &
women
 Skeletal muscle & bone mass show an
age related decline (sarcopenia)
 ‘poverty of the flesh”
 Reduction of LBM that appears to
accompany aging

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7
Q

why does age effect ageing

A

 Reduced testosterone & HGH
 Reduced physical activity
 Malnutrition
 Smoking

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8
Q

Assessing body composition

A 
 3 Levels
 Level 1 – Direct
 Level 2 – Indirect
 Level 3 – Doubly Indirect
○ (Martin & Drinkwater 1995)
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9
Q

Level 1 - Direct Assessment

A 
Cadaver analysis – Anatomical Dissection
Chemical:
 Fat
 Nitrogen
 Water
 Minerals
Surface anatomy followed by dissection of
each cadaver into gross tissue weights
Anatomical:
 Skin
 Adipose tissue
 Muscle
 Bone
 Residual
Results used to
 Develop new anatomically based models
 Test existing 2-compartment models
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10
Q

Level 2 - Indirect Assessment

A 
Weight for height indices
 Hydrodensitometry
 Skinfolds
 Tissue fractionation
 Other techniques
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11
Q

Level 3 – Doubly Indirect

A 
 % body fat from
 Skinfolds
 Hydrodensitometry
 TOBEC
 BIA
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12
Q

Weight for height indices

Level 2 - Indirect Assessment

A

A measure of ‘ponderosity’ & often
incorrectly construed as ‘adiposity’
• BMI (W/H2) & Inverse ponderal Index (W/H1/3)
- Falsely assume any increase in weight beyond the normal/optimal level has to be
attributed to body fat!

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13
Q

Weight for height indices why is it used

A 
Epidemiological validity
○ high correlation with adiposity in studies using large cross sectional samples
 Precision & reliability
 Ease of measurement
 Patient comfort
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14
Q

Hydrodensitometry - Level 2 - Indirect Assessment

A
  • Measure body weight
     Measure weight in water
     Determine body density
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15
Q

skinfolds: Level 2 - Indirect Assessment

A

Measure compressed thickness of a double
layer of skin & subcutaneous tissue
 Minimum 6 sites

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16
Q

O-Scale - Level 2 - Indirect Assessment

A

 Does not predict body composition
 Normative based system
 Individual monitoring to provide feedbak
to client or athlete
 Geometrical adjustment to standard stature
 2 scales compared with same age & sex

17
Q

DEXA – Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry - Level 2 - Indirect Assessment

A

 First developed to estimate bone mineral
density (BMD) of regions of the skeleton & more
recently whole body BMD
 Uses a dual x-ray source of alternating pulses
 Able to estimate body mass of the subject with
a high degree of accuracy

18
Q

DEXA – Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry limitations

A

Difficult to determine body composition in trunk region
 Currently no cross-validation between machines
(different companies)

19
Q

Siri’s equation for predicting% body fat from hydrodensitometry why is it unreliable

A

Tissue density is not constant:
 Athletes tend to have denser bones & muscles
than non-athletes, which may lead to an
underestimation of body fat percentage.
 Vice versa, body fat of elderly patients suffering
from osteoporosis may be overestimated.
 Residual volume in the lung is not constant

20
Q

% body fat from TOBEC & BIA - Level 3 - Doubly Indirect

A

 Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC)
 Examine electrical conductivity to estimate LBM
 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
 regression equation with Ht & Wt as dominant factors
 Both methods affected by variations in diet, hydration, ethnicity & disease states

21
Q

% body fat from skinfolds - Level 3 - Doubly Indirect

A

More than 100 prediction equations developed using level 2 methods
 Guerra et al (2010) used a regression equation to
convert SF data to body density, THEN used the
Siri equation to derive % body fat!
 Population specific
 If used at all, prediction equations must only be
used on similar populations to the original sample

22
Q

Gaining weight

A 
Gaining lean mass may be achieved
without the need for drug therapy
 Create the correct stimulus
 Supply sufficient energy
 Provide adequate rest
23
Q

Anthropometry used extensively for

A
  • growth and development studies
  • Predicting future capability (eg talent ID)
  • Establishing selection criteria
24
Q

Human proportions are measured using?

A

anthropometry
Measures include
 Length & breadth
 Girths & volumes

25
Q

Assessing proportionality

A

 Proportional indices
 Somatogram
 Phantom strategem

26
Q

Assessing proportionality equations

A

Crural Index: CI = (leg length/thigh length) x100
Brachial Index: BI = (forearm length/arm length) x 100
Relative lower limb length: (lowe limb length/ stature) x 100

27
Q

Crural index athelete examples:

A

low: LD runner
medium: sprint runner
high: basketball, volleyball

28
Q

Brachial Index

A

low: weight lifter
medium: MD swimmer
high: Thrower

29
Q

Relative lower limb length

A

low: gymansts, sprint runners
medium: thowers
high: MD runners, jumpers

30
Q

The Somatogram

A 
Graphical representation of the body’s
proportions using girth measurements
 Measures a % deviation from the mean
score in a population
 Each measure is plotted against the
reference man/woman

sports science 1102 (9 decks)

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