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sports science 1102 > lecture 5-6 > Flashcards

lecture 5-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Physiological demands of sport: considerations

A 
Considerations
 Duration of the event
 Rest periods
 Rotations/substitution
 Closed or open environment
 Environmental conditions
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2
Q

Physiological demands of sport- team sport

A
  • Time motion analysis
     Repeated sprints
     Endurance
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3
Q

Physiological demands of sport- individual sport

A

 Individual demands
○ Power lifting
○ Tennis
○ Running – speed or endurance

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4
Q

how does ATP contract a muscle

A 
ATP is the energy currency of the body
regardless of the activity undertaken
 Power or endurance
 It is all about muscle contraction
 Energy is released when a phosphate
molecule is cleaved from ATP to form
ADP + Pi + Energy
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5
Q

how is ATP replenished

A 
 ATP is recycled
 ADP + Pi + energy = ATP
 But where does this energy come from?
 Via breakdown of macronutrients in the food we eat
 Carbohydrate
 Fat
 Protein
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6
Q

what are the 3 main pathways to replenish ATP

A
  • ATP-PCr
     Lactic acid system
     Aerobic energy system
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7
Q

ATP-PCr system

A

 PCr splits releasing energy which can then be used to recycle ATP
Like ATP, PCr is also in limited supply
 ~300-600g
 Enough stored for 3-15 s of high intensity exercise
 Thus is the main source of energy in activities such as sprinting

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8
Q

Lactic Energy System

A 
 Anaerobic glycolysis
 Does not require oxygen
 Break down of CHO to produce energy
for ATP production
 The by-product of this process is Lactate lasting 30-60 s
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9
Q

Aerobic Energy System

A

Requires Oxygen to ‘burn’ fuel to produce ATP
 Is the most economical energy system producing large amounts ATP,
 although it is not as rapid as the anaerobic pathways

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10
Q

What limits the energy system?

A 
- Fuel availability
 Oxygen availability
 Removal of waste products
 Cardiac output
 Mitochondria
 Buffering capacity
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11
Q

Adaptation to Anaerobic training

A 
Muscle fibre type changes
 Increased levels of anaerobic substrates
 Enzymatic changes that enhance
glycolysis
 Increased capacity to generate high
levels of Lactate
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12
Q

Aerobic training methods

A
  • Continuous aerobic training
     Fartlek
     Interval
     Usually >30 min at an intensity below the LT
     In athletes, the duration is generally greater than the performance time
    ○ Exceptions may be marathons or prolonged team games
     During these sessions there is no significant accumulation of Lactic acid
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13
Q

measuring energy systems

A
  • VO2max
     Beep test
     Yo-Yo
     Timed run (1600m – 5000m)
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14
Q

What is VO2max?

A

 The highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilised by the body during severe exercise

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15
Q

What are the Rate Limiting

Factors of VO2max?

A 
Cardiac Output
- Improved with training
Oxygen Delivery
- Hbmass increased with training
Oxygen Extraction
- Increased capillary and mitochondrial function
Metabolic waste removal?
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16
Q

Strength

A

The amount of force a muscle group can exert against a resistance in one maximal effort

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17
Q

Strength Endurance

A

When a load has to be resisted for a period of time, this capacity is known as strength endurance
 A stronger muscle will have greater strength endurance than a weaker one, as at a given resistance, it will use a smaller percentage of its
maximal strength

18
Q

Why strength is important

A
  • speed athletes
  • power events
  • stability events
  • muscle endurance
19
Q

Speed

A

Tendency to think of this capacity in terms of just running speed, but it really relates to all forms of human movement
 Speed of movement is important in all power sports, including throwing & striking
skills as well as running & kicking performances

20
Q

Power

A

 The performance of work per unit of time
 The ability to propel an object or project our
body against gravity is dependant upon the
amount of power we can generate

21
Q

Power depends on

A

The strength of the muscular contraction

 Speed of contraction – how quickly one can generate maximum force or rate of force development

22
Q

Factors influencing strength,

power & speed

A 
General
 Age
 Gender
 Psychological
 Environmental
Anatomical /
Biomechanical
 Fibre type
 Tendon insertion
 Lever length
 Posture
 Body type
 Flexibility
23
Q

Age & Strength

A 
Strength develops with normal growth
 The best developmental period is late adolescence
 PA stages 3-5
 Just after PHV
 Strength increases are max even without training
Strength generally decreases with age
 >40 males
 >30 females
24
Q

Gender differences

A

 In terms of absolute strength, women are
generally not as strong as men due to lower quantity of muscle
 However, relative to muscle cross-sectional area, no differences exist between the sexes, indicating muscle quality is not sex specific
- Females can develop strength in the same
manner as males, but may not experience the same rate of gain due to the catabolic action of oestrogen
 This is also why females tend to experience less hypertrophy than males

25
Q

Factors affecting strength &

power

A 
General
 Age
 Gender
 Psychological
 Environmental
Anatomical/Biomech
 Fibre type
 Tendon insertion
 Lever length
 Posture
 Body type
 Flexibility
26
Q

positives and negatives of Longer segment length

A 
Disadvantage
 Increase resistance to Torque
 Require greater muscle force
to move load
Advantage
 Able to generate greater
speed
27
Q

Tendon insertion

A 
The points at which tendons are
attached to bone.
 Further from the joint centre
results in the ability to lift
heavier weights
 But results in a loss of
maximum speed
28
Q

Muscle contractions

A 
Concentric:
tension > resistance  shortening
Eccentric:
tension < resistance  lengthening
Isometric:
tension = resistance  no change
29
Q

Power – Load relationship

A

 Inverse relationship between force

development & velocity of movement

30
Q

Determining muscle fibre type

A

Muscle biopsy technique

 Histological staining

31
Q

principles of training

A 
- Principle of progressive overload
 Principle of individuality
 Principle of specificity
 Principle of variations
 Principle of recovery
32
Q

Mechanisms of Strength

Development

A

 Neural mechanisms
 Inter muscular coordination 0-2 weeks
 Intra muscular coordination 1-8 weeks
 Hypertrophy

33
Q

Hypertrophic development

A 
 High volume of work
 Via number of sets &amp; exercises
 Moderate to high loads
 65-85% of 1RM
 Many exercises per muscle group
 3-6 sets x 6-12 reps per exercise
 3-4 exercises per muscle group
 2-3 times per week
34
Q

Plyometric training

A 
 The essential elements for successful
plyometric exercises are:
 RATE OF STRETCH is more important than
amount of stretch
 CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION PHASE
should occur immediately after the eccentric
contraction
35
Q

improvements made through Plyometric training

A

An ability to train the muscle group through its
full ROM;
 An ability to invoke the stretch reflex to augment
the concentric contraction;
 The pre-stretch phase also allows elastic energy to be stored in the muscle & tendon
connective tissue
 This also augments the concentric contraction.

36
Q

Determinants of speed

A
  1. Muscle fibre type
  2. Skill (neuromuscular coordination)
  3. Lever length
  4. Posture
37
Q

Improving speed

A
  1. Increasing the + ve forces
    - improved strength
    - improved power
  2. Decreasing the - ve forces
    - improved flexibility (less resistance)
    - improved skill (decreased co-activation of antagonists)
    - Speed resisted training
    Improving the muscle strength & power
38
Q

Progressive overload

A 
The muscle will only develop when
work loads are above those usually
encountered.
Variables:
 Intensity
 Duration
 Frequency
39
Q

Principle of Individuality

A 
Tolerance of training loads
Responsiveness to training load
Recovery from training
Training needs
Environmental tolerance
Physical characteristics
Life-style variations
Preference
40
Q

Principle of Specificity

A

 The adaptations which occur are specific to the type of training performed
 The best gains in performance are
achieved when the training is performed in a manner very specific to the competitive action

41
Q

Principle of Variation

A

 If a training stimulus is consistently applied in exactly the same manner
 its effectiveness will diminish,
 the athlete will become stale & training gains will be reduced.

42
Q

Principle of recovery

A

 For maximum training benefits, complete recovery from previous training stimulus must occur before reintroduce the stimulus.
 Muscle growth and adaptation occurs BETWEEN training sessions and
therefore, an adequate recovery is essential.

sports science 1102 (9 decks)

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