Lectures

Question 1

What machine is used during sleep studies? How good are they

Answer 1

EEG; good temporal resolution, poor spatial resolution

Question 2

Describe Stage 1 of sleep

Answer 2

hypnagogic; sleep onset; twitches, not really dreams, more like mini hallucinations; less vivid, sort of just thoughts that you’re having

Question 3

Describe Stage 2 through 3/4

Answer 3

High amplitude DELTA waves; successively deeper stages

Question 4

What happens upon reaching Stage 3/4?

Answer 4

Cycle back; sleep lightens and returns to Stage 2

Question 5

REM sleep (describe)

Answer 5

EEG patterns w/beta waves resembling those of wakefulness; dreams occur

Question 6

How many cycles occur in a typical night’s sleep?

Answer 6

4 or 5

Question 7

What are K complexes doing? What stage?

Answer 7

suppressing external noise; Stage 2

Question 8

List sleep waves over the stages

Answer 8

Awake= beta waves
Drowsy, relaxed= alpha waves
Stage 1= Theta
Stage 2= sleep spindles, K complexes
Stage 3/4= Delta 
REM= sawtooth

Question 9

What is a heuristic? What is a judgmental example?

Answer 9

quick shortcut that sidesteps need for complex thinking; i.e. stereotypes

Question 10

What is difference between true dream and sleep thought?

Answer 10

true dream- vivid, detailed dreamisn w/sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM
sleep thought- lacks vivid sensory and motor sensation, is more similar to daytime thinking, occurs during low-wave sleep

Question 11

What is deese-roediger-mcdermot experimental paradigm?

Answer 11

False memory–> you’ll remember seeing word “sleep” on list of words related to sleep

Question 12

How is habituation different from sensory adaptation?

Answer 12

habituation i.e. Pizarro fire trucks near apartment; can be immediately noticed

wedding ring on finger, however, you feel something absent

Question 13

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 13

NOT PUNISHMENT! it refers to removing a negative stimulus i.e. umbrella; its a reward because it removes getting wet, i.e. rat is shocked continuously, pressing lever makes it stop

Question 14

What is Freud’s structural theory of the mind?

Answer 14

id- biggest source of energy/motivation
ego- develops from infancy, understands reality and logic
supergo- moral

Question 15

What are 5 stages of Psychosexual Development?

Answer 15

1) oral (birth-1 year)
2) anal (1-3 years)
3) phallic (3-5 years) oedipus
4) latent (5-puberty)
5) genital (puberty on)

Question 16

Name components of emotion

Answer 16

Physiological Arousal
• Subjective feeling
• Motivation to act (action-tendency)
• Elicitor (“trigger”)
• Expression (usually facial)

Question 17

Seven sins of memory

Answer 17

Absent-mindedness–lapses of attention and forgetting to do things. This sin operates both when a memory is formed (the encoding stage) and when a memory is accessed (the retrieval stage). Examples, said Schacter, are forgetting where you put your keys or glasses. He noted a particularly famous instance in which cellist Yo-Yo Ma forgot to retrieve his $2.5 million cello from the trunk of a New York City cab. Blocking–temporary inaccessibility of stored information, such as tip-of-the-tongue syndrome. Schacter recounted the embarrassment of John Prescott, British deputy prime minister, when a reporter asked him how the government was paying for the expensive Millennium Dome. Prescott struggled to find the word “lottery,” trying “raffles” instead. Suggestibility–incorporation of misinformation into memory due to leading questions, deception and other causes. Psychologists Elizabeth Loftus, PhD, and Stephen Ceci, PhD, are among those well-known in this research (see sidebar). Bias–retrospective distortions produced by current knowledge and beliefs. Psychologist Michael Ross, PhD, and others have shown that present knowledge, beliefs and feelings skew our memory for past events, said Schacter. For example, research indicates that people currently displeased with a romantic relationship tend to have a disproportionately negative take on past states of the relationship. Persistence–unwanted recollections that people can’t forget, such as the unrelenting, intrusive memories of post-traumatic stress disorder. An example, said Schacter, is the case of Donnie Moore of the California Angels, who threw the pitch that lost his team the 1986 American League Championship against the Boston Red Sox. Moore fixated on the bad play, said Schacter, “became a tragic prisoner of memory,” and eventually committed suicide. Misattribution–attribution of memories to incorrect sources or believing that you have seen or heard something you haven’t. Prominent researchers in this area include Henry L. Roediger III, PhD, and Kathleen McDermott, PhD. An illustration of it, said Schacter, is the rental shop mechanic who thought that an accomplice, known as “John Doe No. 2,” had worked with Timothy McVeigh in the Oklahoma City bombing; he thought he’d seen the two of them together in his shop. In fact, the mechanic had encountered John Doe No. 2 alone on a different day.
Transience–the decreasing accessibility of memory over time. While a degree of this is normal with aging, decay of or damage to the hippocampus and temporal lobe can cause extreme forms of it. Schacter cited as a somewhat facetious example former President Bill Clinton’s “convenient lapses of memory” during the Monica Lewinsky investigation. Clinton claimed in the hearings that he sometimes couldn’t remember what had happened the previous week.

Question 18

How is psychopathy measured?

Answer 18

0-2 per factor; total out of 40

Aggressive narcissism and socially deviant lifestyle