Lectures Flashcards
What machine is used during sleep studies? How good are they
EEG; good temporal resolution, poor spatial resolution
Describe Stage 1 of sleep
hypnagogic; sleep onset; twitches, not really dreams, more like mini hallucinations; less vivid, sort of just thoughts that you’re having
Describe Stage 2 through 3/4
High amplitude DELTA waves; successively deeper stages
What happens upon reaching Stage 3/4?
Cycle back; sleep lightens and returns to Stage 2
REM sleep (describe)
EEG patterns w/beta waves resembling those of wakefulness; dreams occur
How many cycles occur in a typical night’s sleep?
4 or 5
What are K complexes doing? What stage?
suppressing external noise; Stage 2
List sleep waves over the stages
Awake= beta waves Drowsy, relaxed= alpha waves Stage 1= Theta Stage 2= sleep spindles, K complexes Stage 3/4= Delta REM= sawtooth
What is a heuristic? What is a judgmental example?
quick shortcut that sidesteps need for complex thinking; i.e. stereotypes
What is difference between true dream and sleep thought?
true dream- vivid, detailed dreamisn w/sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM
sleep thought- lacks vivid sensory and motor sensation, is more similar to daytime thinking, occurs during low-wave sleep
What is deese-roediger-mcdermot experimental paradigm?
False memory–> you’ll remember seeing word “sleep” on list of words related to sleep
How is habituation different from sensory adaptation?
habituation i.e. Pizarro fire trucks near apartment; can be immediately noticed
wedding ring on finger, however, you feel something absent
What is negative reinforcement?
NOT PUNISHMENT! it refers to removing a negative stimulus i.e. umbrella; its a reward because it removes getting wet, i.e. rat is shocked continuously, pressing lever makes it stop
What is Freud’s structural theory of the mind?
id- biggest source of energy/motivation
ego- develops from infancy, understands reality and logic
supergo- moral
What are 5 stages of Psychosexual Development?
1) oral (birth-1 year)
2) anal (1-3 years)
3) phallic (3-5 years) oedipus
4) latent (5-puberty)
5) genital (puberty on)
Name components of emotion
Physiological Arousal • Subjective feeling • Motivation to act (action-tendency) • Elicitor (“trigger”) • Expression (usually facial)
Seven sins of memory
Absent-mindedness–lapses of attention and forgetting to do things. This sin operates both when a memory is formed (the encoding stage) and when a memory is accessed (the retrieval stage). Examples, said Schacter, are forgetting where you put your keys or glasses. He noted a particularly famous instance in which cellist Yo-Yo Ma forgot to retrieve his $2.5 million cello from the trunk of a New York City cab. Blocking–temporary inaccessibility of stored information, such as tip-of-the-tongue syndrome. Schacter recounted the embarrassment of John Prescott, British deputy prime minister, when a reporter asked him how the government was paying for the expensive Millennium Dome. Prescott struggled to find the word “lottery,” trying “raffles” instead. Suggestibility–incorporation of misinformation into memory due to leading questions, deception and other causes. Psychologists Elizabeth Loftus, PhD, and Stephen Ceci, PhD, are among those well-known in this research (see sidebar). Bias–retrospective distortions produced by current knowledge and beliefs. Psychologist Michael Ross, PhD, and others have shown that present knowledge, beliefs and feelings skew our memory for past events, said Schacter. For example, research indicates that people currently displeased with a romantic relationship tend to have a disproportionately negative take on past states of the relationship. Persistence–unwanted recollections that people can’t forget, such as the unrelenting, intrusive memories of post-traumatic stress disorder. An example, said Schacter, is the case of Donnie Moore of the California Angels, who threw the pitch that lost his team the 1986 American League Championship against the Boston Red Sox. Moore fixated on the bad play, said Schacter, “became a tragic prisoner of memory,” and eventually committed suicide. Misattribution–attribution of memories to incorrect sources or believing that you have seen or heard something you haven’t. Prominent researchers in this area include Henry L. Roediger III, PhD, and Kathleen McDermott, PhD. An illustration of it, said Schacter, is the rental shop mechanic who thought that an accomplice, known as “John Doe No. 2,” had worked with Timothy McVeigh in the Oklahoma City bombing; he thought he’d seen the two of them together in his shop. In fact, the mechanic had encountered John Doe No. 2 alone on a different day.
Transience–the decreasing accessibility of memory over time. While a degree of this is normal with aging, decay of or damage to the hippocampus and temporal lobe can cause extreme forms of it. Schacter cited as a somewhat facetious example former President Bill Clinton’s “convenient lapses of memory” during the Monica Lewinsky investigation. Clinton claimed in the hearings that he sometimes couldn’t remember what had happened the previous week.
How is psychopathy measured?
0-2 per factor; total out of 40
Aggressive narcissism and socially deviant lifestyle
