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Psych 1101 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define valence

A

how positive or negative an experience is

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2
Q

Define arousal

A

how active or passive an experience is

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3
Q

How to measure emotional experiences? (Hint: 2 dimensions)

A

valence and arousal

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4
Q

Define emotion

A

positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

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5
Q

Define James-Lange theory

A

stimulus triggers activity in body, which int turn produces an emotional experience in brain; had a lot of problems

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6
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

A

a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experiences in brain

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7
Q

What is the two-factor theory of emotion?

A

a stimulus triggers a general state of arousal in body, which mind interprets as specific emotion

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8
Q

People (do, do not) make inferences a/b causes of physiological arousal, which do determine _____ ______; example experiment?

A

emotional experience; brains injected w/ arousing epinephrine; confeds. acted goofy, ppl concluded they were happy, confeds acted nasty, ppl concluded they were angry

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9
Q

T/F Two-factor theory: different emotional experiences are diff. interpretations of singly bodily state of “arousal”

A

FALSE– single bodily state does not underlie all emotions

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10
Q

What is appraisal?

A

an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

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11
Q

Where does the fast pathway run?

A

from thalamus directly to amygdala

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12
Q

Where does the slow pathway run?

A

from thalamus to cortex to amygdala

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13
Q

In fast pathway, what can happen to a person’s cognition when faced with scary thing?

A

a person can be afraid of something before knowing what it is b/c info goes from thalamus to amygdala

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14
Q

What is job of cortex in downregulation?

A

once cortex investigates threat, it deregulates amygdala: “reduce your activity”

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15
Q

T/F Suppression is, or inhibiting outward signs of emotion, is effective way to regulate it

A

FALSE

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16
Q

T/F Affect labeling, or putting ones feelings into words, doesnt affect emotions

A

FALSE: helps reduce intensity of emotional states

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17
Q

What is reappraisal? example

A

changing one’s emotional experiences by changing the way one thinks about the stimulus that elicits the emotion i.e. circumcision is sweet religious ceremony vs. no description

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18
Q

What is multidimensional scaling?

A

creates map of emotional experiences

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19
Q

What is Darwin’s universality hypothesis?

A

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

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20
Q

Why do people express emotions in same way?

A

words are arbitrary symbols, but expressions are signs b/c they are caused by things they signify

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21
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

22
Q

What is a display rule?

A

norm for appropriate expression of emotion i.e. stranger vs. grandma insulting u

23
Q

Describe techniques for display rule

A
  • intensification– exaggerating i.e. faking pleased w/bad gift
  • deintensification– muting expression of emotion i.e. loser muting sadness
  • masking– expressing 1 emotion but feeling another i.e. judges hiding contempt for lawyers under impartiality
  • neutralizing– no expression i.e. poker face
24
Q

Example of difference in cultural display rules

A

Japanese and American students watch gory video, Japanese students masked disgust when experimenter was in room

25
Q

Differences between sincere and insincere expressions

A
  • morphology= reliable muscles, which ppl can control vs other ones
  • symmetry= more sincere, more symmetrical
  • duration= shorter duration, more sincere
  • temporal patterning= sincere is smooth expressions, fake is choppy and abrupt
26
Q

2 reasons ppl suck at knowing if emotions are genuine

A

1) biased towards thinking emotions are real

2) don’t know what to look for

27
Q

How do emotions move people?

A

1) provide ppl w/info about world

2) emotions are objectives toward which ppl strive

28
Q

Capgras syndrome: what causes ppl to think family members are possessed by aliens?

A

connections between temporal lobe (where face are identified) + limbic system (where emotions are generated); recognized Dad but didnt have warm feelings

29
Q

What is the hedonic principle?

A

the claim that ppl are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

30
Q

What are drives?

A

internal states caused by physiological needs–> maintain homeostasis

31
Q

What is drive-reduction theory?

A

a theory suggesting that organisms are motivated to reduce their drives

32
Q

What is Maslows hierarchy of needs? Bottom to top

A

physiological needs, safety and security, belonging and love, esteem, self-actualization

33
Q

What receives orexigenic signals in brain? What happens when destroyed

A

lateral hypothalamus; when destroyed, rats starve themselves in cage full of food

34
Q

What receives anorexigenic signals in brain? What happens when destroyed

A

ventromedial hypothalamus; rats gorge themselves sick

35
Q

How do our bodies resist weight gain?

A

1) fat cell # and size increases when we gain weight, but when we lose weight, only size decreases
2) bodies respond to dieting by decreasing metabolism , or rate our bodies use energy

36
Q

What three hormones play a role in sexual desire?

A
  1. DHE- initial onset of desire
  2. testosterone- evidence shows it might apply to both genders
  3. estrogen
37
Q

What is the human sexual response cycle?

A

stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

38
Q

What are 4 phases of human sexual response cycle?

A

1) excitement phase
2) plateau phase
3) orgasm phase
4) resolution (w/ refractory period where stimulation does not produce excitement)

39
Q

What causes eating disorders?

A

genetic, experimental, psychological, cultural

40
Q

Two ways our psychological motivations differ from biological ones

A

1) biological motivations shared w/ other animals, psych. not (i.e. tunisian merchant suicide)
2) psychological motivations limitless

41
Q

What is an intrinsic motivation?

A

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

42
Q

What is an extrinsic motivation?

A

motivation to take actions that lead to reward i.e. working for $, flossing

43
Q

How can the promise of a reward undermine intrinsic motivation?

A

if ppl are paid to i.e. do puzzle, then puzzle must not have been very fun

44
Q

Examples of when threat of punishment create intrinsic motivation

A

college students more likely to cheat if experimenter warned against it; day care center making fine for late pick up

45
Q

What is need for achievement?

A

motivation to solve worthwhile problems

46
Q

What is approach motivation?

A

the motivation to experience positive outcomes

47
Q

What is avoidance motivation?

A

motivation to experience negative outcomes

48
Q

What is loss aversion?

A

tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal size gains

49
Q

Which is more powerful, approach or avoidance motivation? ex

A

avoidance i.e. grocery bag tax

50
Q

Loss aversion leads ppl to take risks to avoid ____ but no to ____ _____

A

loss; achieve gains

51
Q

What is terror management theory?

A

A theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality–> shielded from existential anxiety by cultural worldview

52
Q

What is mortality salience hypothesis?

A

ppl reminded of their mortality are especially motivated to hang on to cultural worldview

Psych 1101 (18 decks)

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