Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is family-resemblance theory?
features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member
What is prototype theory?
the “best” or “most typical” member of a category; possesses most (or all) of the most characteristic features of the category
What is exemplar theory?
we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category; does better job of accounting for certain aspects of categorization i.e. we recall what specific dogs look like
What is the rational choice theory?
we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen judging the value of outcome, and then multiplying by two; judgments vary based on value we place on outcome
What is availability bias?
items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently
What are heuristics?
fast and efficient strategies that may facilitate decision making but do not guarantee that a solution will be reached; mental shortcut
In contrast to heuristics, what is an algorithm?
well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem
What is the conjunction fallacy?
ppl think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event i.e. Lisa is bank teller and feminist
What is the representativeness heuristic?
making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event with a prototype of the object or event i.e. ppls responses were skewed towards the participants prototypes of lawyers and engineers
What are framing effects?
ppl give different answers to same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed)
What is the sunk-cost fallacy?
ppl make decisions about a current situation on the basis of what they have previously invested in the situation i.e. paid for ticket, day of concert is rainy, “Might as well go”
What is optimism bias?
ppl believe that, compared with other ppl, they are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future
What are phonemes?
the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as speech rather than as random noises
Whar are morphemes?
the smallest meaningful units of language
Define grammar
a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages
