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Psych 1101 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory is the ability to ____ and ____ information over time

A

store; retrieve

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2
Q

What are the three key functions of memory?

A

1) encoding
2) storage
3) retrieval

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3
Q

What is encoding?

A

The process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

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4
Q

What is storage?

A

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

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5
Q

What is retrieval?

A

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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6
Q

How do we make memories?

A

combine info already in our brains w/new information from senses; CONSTRUCTED, not recorded

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7
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

process of relating new info in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

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8
Q

Where in the brain do semantic judgements take place?

A 
frontal lobe (lower left)
temporal lobe (inner left)
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9
Q

Describe experiment w/semantic memorization

A

Participants given list of words, diff. ways to memorize i.e. rhyme, capital letters, meaning; the group who thought a/b words’ meaning remembered them more often

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10
Q

What is visual imagery encoding?

A

the process of storing new info by converting it into mental pictures

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11
Q

Why is visual imagery encoding so effective?

A

gives you both visual and verbal placeholders for an item; also it relates to other info in your head

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12
Q

Where is visual imagery encoding in brain?

A

occipital lobe (shows that ppl enlist visual system)

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13
Q

What is organizational coding? Who used it in experiment?

A

process of categorizing info according to the relationships among a series of items; servers in restaurant

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14
Q

Where in brain is active during organizational coding?

A

upper left frontal lobe

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15
Q

Evolutionary perspective is encoding?

A

Survival and planning encoding more effective b/c of natural selection

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16
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

a type of storage that holds sensory info for a few seconds or less

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17
Q

Describe experiments with sensory memory

A

12 letters in 3 rows flashed on screen quickly, ppl asked to recall them and couldnt; either they couldnt encode them all or they did encode them and just forgot; researchers discovered the latter was true because right after letters flashed they randomly played high, med, or low tone to correspond to row and ppl got it right; showed that sensory mem like afterimage of flashlight

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18
Q

What is iconic memory? What type of memory is it?

A

fast-decaying store of visual info; sensory

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19
Q

What is echoic memory? What type of memory is it? example?

A

fast-decaying store of auditory info; sensory i.e. when you replay words in ur head that someone just said

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20
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

holds nonsensory info for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

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21
Q

How do we get something into short-term memory?

A

we need to attend to it; attention is key

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22
Q

Rehearsal is the process of keeping info in _____ _____ memory by mentally ______ it

A

short-term; repeating

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23
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

the first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle

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24
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

enhanced recall of the first few items b/c they have more rehearsal

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25
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

enhanced recall of the last few items; can result from rehearsing items that are still in short-term storage

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26
Q

How many meaningful items can short-term memory hold?

A

seven

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27
Q

What is chunking?

A

combining small pieces of info into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory

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28
Q

What is working memory?

A

active maintenance of info in short-term storage

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29
Q

Working memory includes two subsystems that store and manipulate info; what are they?

A

1) visuo-spatial sketchpad (visual images)

2) phonological loop (verbal info)

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30
Q

What does the episodic buffer do in working memory?

A

integrates visual and verbal info from the subsystems into a multidimensional code

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31
Q

What coordinates the subsystems and the episodic buffer in working memory?

A

central executive

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32
Q

Long-term memory is a type of storage that holds info for ____, ____, ____, or _____

A

hours; days; weeks; years

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33
Q

T/F Long-term memory has known capacity limits

A

FALSE

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34
Q

Studies of HM showed that ____ ____ is critical for putting new info in long-term

A

hippocampal region

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35
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

inability to transfer new info from the short-term into the long-term

36
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

the inability to retrieve info that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery

37
Q

The fact that HM had worse _____ than _____ amnesia suggests that the hippocampal region is not the site of ____ ____ _____

A

anterograde; retrograde; long-term memory

38
Q

What is consolidation?

A

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

39
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again

40
Q

What did rat shocking experiments reveal about memory?

A

when rats were prompted to recall memory, a shock to area of initial consolidation will cause forgetting; each time memories are retrieved, they are vulnerable to disruption `

41
Q

Connections between neurons are strengthened by their _____

A

communication

42
Q

Describe Aplysia experiments

A

Tail is shocked, it retracts; shocked right after, retracts quicker; hours later it retracts same amount as if it forgot; shocked over and over again, and aplysia will remember in long-term

43
Q

What is the long-term potentiation?

A

a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making the connections easier i.e. stimulated rats in hippocampus

44
Q

What is a retrieval cue?

A

external info that is associated with stored info and helps bring it to mind

45
Q

Describe experiments with memory retrieval & prompting

A

Ppl given words to remember then recite; after they thought they said all words they knew, researchers prompted them with categories i.e. fruit and ppl remembered more

46
Q

Word experiments with memory retrieval showed that info is sometimes _____ in memory even when it is momentarily _____

A

available; inaccessible

47
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which info was initially encoded

48
Q

Example of encoding specificity principle

A

sitting in same seat in class and test; scuba word memorizing experiment

49
Q

What is state-dependent retrieval?

A

the process whereby info tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

50
Q

Examples of state-dependent retrieval?

A

studying drunk and taking test drunk; being happy at memory and retrieval

51
Q

What is transfer-appropriate processing?

A

the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts match i.e. ur more likely to remember word the next day if u encoded it as rhyming and it was recalled as rhyming

52
Q

Study vs test?

A

At 2 day and week marks, those in testing group produced significantly better results than studying group

53
Q

What is retrieval-induced forgetting?

A

a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

54
Q

Experiment with retrieval-induced forgetting

A

Fruits and tree names; prompted with i.e. i”fruit- or___” and on test, remembered prompted fruit best, unprompted trees next, and unprompted fruits worst (suppressed)

55
Q

Examples of retrieval-induced forgetting

A

1) 9/11 convos make ppl forget details not spoken about

2) eye-witnesses remembering details they were not asked about

56
Q

Experiment where retrieval changes memory

A

participants who went to museum and vividly remembered exhibits during first session were more likely to incorporate wrong photos into their memory

57
Q

When people successfully remembered words they saw earlier, the ______ showed increased activity; when ppl tried but failed to recall words, the ______ showed increased activity

A

hippocampus; left frontal lobe

58
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

occurs when ppl consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

59
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

past experiences influence later behavior and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

60
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things

61
Q

What is priming?

A

an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus

62
Q

Priming is an example of ______ (explicit/implicit) memory. Describe experiment

A

implicit; 17 years drawing experiment; even though no conscious memory of experiment, still was primed

63
Q

What are 2 different types of priming?

A

perceptual and conceptual

64
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

the network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

65
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

66
Q

The hippocampus is not necessary for acquiring new _____ memories

A

semantic

67
Q

We rely on _____ ____ to envision our personal futures

A

episodic memory

68
Q

How did the collaborative group in the study perform on memory tasks compared to the nominal group?

A

Collaborative group did better than individuals alone, but worse than nominal group (combined recall of individuals); demonstrates collaborative inhibition

69
Q

What is transience?

A

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

70
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

situations in which later learning impairs memory for info acquired earlier i.e. remembered what you did at work on Monday when it’s Friday

71
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for info acquired later i.e. parking spot at school

72
Q

What is absentmindedness?

A

a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

73
Q

There is less activity in the ___ ____ ____ when attention is divided

A

left frontal lobe

74
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

remembering to do things in the future

75
Q

What is blocking?

A

a failure to retrieve info that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

76
Q

What is memory misattribution?

A

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

77
Q

What is source memory?

A

recall of when, where, and how info was acquired

78
Q

What is false memory?

A

a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

79
Q

What is suggestibility?

A

the tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollections

80
Q

What is bias (relating to memory)?

A

the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

81
Q

What is consistency bias?

A

the bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present

82
Q

What is change bias?

A

the tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past

83
Q

What is egocentric bias?

A

the tendency to exaggerate the change between the present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect i.e. blood donors overestimating nervousness about giving blood

84
Q

What is persistence?

A

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

85
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

86
Q

What structure in the brain is important in emotional memories?

A

amygdala

Psych 1101 (18 decks)

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