Lectures 4 and 5: Metabolic Control Flashcards by Courtney Riches

The hypothalamus regulates which of the following (select all that apply):

a. Body temperature
b. Hunger and thirst
c. Fear
d. Circadian rhythms
e. Parenting

a. Body temperature
b. Hunger and thirst
d. Circadian rhythms
e. Parenting

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Which of the following is NOT true regarding the hypothalamus?

a. It contains multiple small neural nuclei
b. It is responsible for thermal regulation
c. It links the nervous system to the cardiovascular system via the pons
d. It is part of the brain’s limbic system

c. It links the nervous system to the cardiovascular system via the pons

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The supraoptic nucleus, paraventicular nucleus and median eminence nucleus are:

a. Components of ANS ganglion
b. Structures in the hypothalamus
c. Innervate the ENS
d. Contain about 400 neurons

b. Structures in the hypothalamus

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Which of the following is NOT true regarding the supraoptic nucleus (SON):

a. It is adjacent to the optic chiasm near the optic nerve
b. Releases vasopressin in response to solute concentration in the blood, decreased blood volume and blood pressure.
c. Receives major inputs of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine
d. Each neuron in the nucleus projects into the posterior pituitary gland

c. Receives major inputs of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine

These are minor inputs which allow fine tuning/precise control. Major inputs are GABA or glutamate.

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Which of the following is true of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN):

a. It secretes oxytocin and vasopressin
b. It contains two types of neuron in the nucleus which either project into the posterior pituitary gland or the anterior pituitary gland
c. It is part of the inferior boundary of the hypothalamus and is attached to the infundibulum
d. It receives input of noradrenaline from the brainstem.

a. It secretes oxytocin and vasopressin

B and C refer to the Median Eminence Nucleus, and D refers to the Supraoptic Nucleus .

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Which of the following has neuron with axons which extend to the anterior and posterior pituitary gland?

a. The Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)
b. The Supraoptic Nucleus (SON)
c. The Median Eminence Nucleus
d. All of the above

c. The Median Eminence Nucleus

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Which of the following contains neurons with axons which extend to the posterior pituitary gland?

a. The Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)
b. The Supraoptic Nucleus (SON)
c. The Median Eminence Nucleus
d. All of the above

d. All of the above

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Hormones from the pituitary gland help control:

a. blood pressure, growth, thermal regulation and energy management
b. blood pressure, circadian rhythms, attachment and growth
c. heart rate, circadian rhythms, thermal regulation and appetite
d. blood pressure, growth, thermal regulation and circadian rhythms

a. blood pressure, growth, thermal regulation and energy management

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What is the pituitary portal system?

It is a closed system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain. It connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland. It’s main function is to quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland.

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The anterior and posterior pituitary gland have separate blood supplies: true/false

TRUE

The anterior and posterior pituitary gland have separate blood supplies.

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Which of the following hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland to regulate metabolism?

a. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and acetylcholine
b. Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and epinephrine
c. Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
d. Nitric oxide, Growth hormone (GH) and acetylcholine (ACh)

c. Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

a. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/ vasopressin) and oxytocin
b. Growth hormone (GH) and luteinizing hormone
c. TSH and Prolactin
d. FSH and LH

a. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/ vasopressin) and oxytocin

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GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH and prolactin are all secreted by:

a. The hypothalamus
b. The posterior pituitary gland
c. The liver
d. The anterior pituitary gland

d. The anterior pituitary gland

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Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland to act upon the adrenal gland?

a. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin
b. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
c. Growth hormone (GH)
d. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

b. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

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What is thyroxine?

Thyroxine (T4) is a master regulator of metabolism. It is the major form of thyroid hormone in the blood and is tyrosine-based.

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What are the major differences between T3 and T4?

T3 is more potent/active. T3 has a shorter half life. T4 is converted into T3 by deiodinases. This conversion allows more control.

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In adults, the main functions of T3 and T4 are:

a. Stimulating TRH which induces TSH from the anterior pituitary gland.
b. Providing a substrate for oxidative metabolism, thermogenesis, increasing O2 consumption and protein catabolism.
c. Regulating blood pressure by exerting long-term control over blood volume via urinary output.
d. Producing action potentials over the duration of a stimulus.

b. Providing a substrate for oxidative metabolism, thermogenesis, increasing O2 consumption and protein catabolism.

a and d refers to the tonic sensory input

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What is Grave’s Disease?

Grave’s Disease is hyperthyroidism. It is an immune system disorder that causes the overproduction of thyroid hormones.

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List five symptoms of Grave’s Disease.

Anxiety/irritability
Hand or finger tremors
Heat sensitivity 
Weight loss
Enlarged thyroid glands 
Menstrual cycle changes
Erectile dysfunction
Bulging eyes
Frequent bowl movements
Fatigue 
Thick red skin 
Rapid or irregular heart bear

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Why are finger tremors associated with Grave’s Disease?

So much energy available

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What is a cause of hypothyroidism?

Low iodine diet

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Increased sensitivity to cold, fatigue, constipation, dry skin, muscle weakness and thinning hair are all symptoms of what?

(Multiple things but) Hypothyroidism

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What is the process that converts pyruvate to glucose?

Glycolysis

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In the liver, pyruvate is converted to _____ which enters the TCA cycle.

Acetyl-CoA

Which of the following functions do NOT occur in the liver? a. Plasma protein synthesis b. Amino acids are converted into other molecules c. PDH converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA d. Acetyl-CoA is converted into fatty acids and TAGs

b. Amino acids are converted into other molecules

Which of the following functions do NOT occur in the liver? a. The conversion of fatty acids into lipid TAGs b. Acetyl-CoA is converted into ketone bodies c. Acetyl-CoA is converted into cholesterol d. Insulin is released

d. Insulin is released

Insulin, glucagon and cortisol: a. Are produced in the pancreas b. Regulate metabolism c. Are stable over long periods of time (weeks - months) d. All of the above

b. Regulate metabolism

List the five hormones that regulate metabolism.

Insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormone, cortisol and epinephrine

Which of the following is NOT true regarding somatotropin? a. It is stimulated by GHRH b. It is also called growth hormone c. It is released by the posterior pituitary d. It increases during sleep and decreases during the day

c. It is released by the posterior pituitary GH is released by the anterior pituitary

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate and zona reticularis are all zones of the: a. Adrenal medulla b. Adrenal cortex c. Renal cortex d. Renal medulla

b. Adrenal cortex

The _______ is located at the center of an endocrine gland. It produces several acute stress hormones. a. Adrenal medulla b. Adrenal cortex c. Renal cortex d. Renal medulla

a. Adrenal medulla

Glucocorticoids, minerocorticoids and androgenic steroids are produced by the: a. Anterior pituitary gland b. Posterior pituitary gland c. Adrenal medulla d. Adrenal cortex

d. Adrenal cortex

Which of the following is true of cortisol? a. It is a minerocorticoids b. It decreases rates of lipolysis and ketogenesis c. It promotes protein synthesis in the muscles d. It promotes liver gluconeogenesis

d. It promotes liver gluconeogenesis Cortisol a glucocorticoid It promotes lipolysis and ketogenesis It promotes protein breakdown in muscles

Cortisol is the master regulator of _____?

Glucose metabolism

Cortisol release is stimulated by: a. CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) b. ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) d. Aldosterone e. Pregnenolone

b. ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)

Which of the following is NOT true regarding cortisol? a. It suppresses immune system activity b. It promotes lipolysis and ketogenesis c. It is regulated by a long-loop negative feedback d. It does not influence baseline glucose metabolism

d. It does not influence baseline glucose metabolism

What is Cushing's Syndrome?

Cushing's Syndrome is hypercortisolism. It is a metabolic disorder due to the overproduction of corticosteroid by the adrenal cortex. It often involves obesity and high blood pressure.

Where is corticosteroid produced?

The adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland.

Which of the following is NOT a cause excess cortisol production? a. A pituitary tumor (pituitary adenoma) b. Adrenal gland disease c. The overproduction of ACTH d. Chronic stress

d. Chronic stress

Where is adrenalin produced?

The adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland.

List three metabolic effects of adrenaline.

``` Adrenalin stimulates: Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Release of glucose from the liver Lipolysis and release of fatty acids ```

What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas called?

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans cells

Where is glucagon secreted?

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans cells

List three hormones secreted by the endocrine portion of the pancreas.

Glucagon Insulin Somatostatin Pancreatic polypeptide

Which of the following hormones upregulates liver gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis? a. Glucagon b. Insulin c. Somatostatin d. Pancreatic polypeptide

a. Glucagon

Which of the following hormones upregulates liver glycogenesis and fatty acid synthesis? a. Glucagon b. Insulin c. Somatostatin d. Pancreatic polypeptide

b. Insulin

What is glycogenesis?

Glycogenesis is the process of storing excess glucose for use by the body at a later time.

What is glycogenolysis?

Glycogenolysis occurs when the body, which prefers glucose as an energy source, needs energy. The glycogen previously stored by the liver is broken down to glucose and dispersed throughout the body.

What is gluconeogenesis?

Gluconeogenesis is the process of the production of glucose from amino acids, lactate, and glycerol. This occurs in the liver when glycogen stores are depleted and glucose is required by the body.

Which process involves glycogen stored by the liver being broken down to glucose and dispersed throughout the body? a. glycogenesis b. glycogenolysis c. gluconeogenesis d. lipolysis e. lipogenesis f. glycolysis

b. Glycogenolysis

The process of storing excess glucose for use by the body at a later time is called...? a. glycogenesis b. glycogenolysis c. gluconeogenesis d. lipolysis e. lipogenesis f. glycolysis

a. glycogenesis

Insulin upregulates which of the following (choose all that apply): a. glycogenesis b. glycogenolysis c. gluconeogenesis d. lipolysis e. lipogenesis f. glycolysis

a. glycogenesis (The process of storing excess glucose for use by the body at a later time) e. lipogenesis f. glycolysis

Glucagon upregulates which of the following (choose all that apply): a. glycogenesis b. glycogenolysis c. gluconeogenesis d. lipolysis e. lipogenesis f. glycolysis

b. glycogenolysis (glycogen previously stored by the liver is broken down to glucose and dispersed throughout the body.) c. gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose from amino acids, lactate, and glycerol)

Which of the following will stimulate insulin release (select all that apply): a. Sympathetic activity b. Parasympathetic activity c. High blood glucose levels d. Low blood glucose levels e. Lipogenesis f. Glycogenesis

b. Parasympathetic activity c. High blood glucose levels e and f are effects of insulin

Fed-state metabolism is under the influence of...?

Insulin

Which of the following are effects of insulin (select all that apply)? a. Glucose uptake by GLUT-4 receptors b. Glucose uptake by GLUT-1 receptors c. Storage of glucose d. Fat synthesis e. Glycogen converted to glucose

a. Glucose uptake by GLUT-4 receptors c. Storage of glucose d. Fat synthesis GLUT-1 receptors are insulin-independent

What is the net effect of insulin?

Decrease blood glucose levels (stimulates cell uptake and inhibits hepatic formation/release of new glucose) Stimulates fatty acid production in liver Stimulates triglyceride storage Inhibits lipolysis Stimulates protein synthesis Inhibits protein degradation

Low blood sugar stimulates the release of what hormone?

Glucagon from the pancreas (alpha cells)

Prolonged hypoglycemia will lead to...?

Ketogenesis