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PSIO - Integrated Physiology > Lecture 1 - Nervous and Endocrine Overview > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Nervous and Endocrine Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

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2
Q

Which of these receive signals in a neuron:

a. Dendrites
b. Cell body
c. Axon
d. Synaptic terminal

A

a. Dendrites

Receive signals; they carry signal towards cell body.

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3
Q

What is the role of a neuron’s axon?

a. receive signals
b. integrate signals
d. transmit action potential away from the cell body
e. chemically transmits the action potential signal to another cell.

A

d. transmit action potential away from the cell body

The axon transmits; myelin sheathing insulates to speed up conduction.

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4
Q

Which of these neuron components chemically transmit the action potential signal to another cell?

a. Dendrites
b. Cell body
c. Axon
d. Synaptic terminal

A

d. Synaptic terminal

The synaptic terminal chemically transmit the action potential signal to another cell

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5
Q

What is the role of a neuron’s cell body?

a. receive signals
b. integrate signals
d. transmit action potential away from the cell body
e. chemically transmits the action potential signal to another cell.

A

b. integrate signals

The neuron’s cell body integrate signals and coordinates metabolic activities.

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6
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

-70mV

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is -70mV. The inside of the neuron is 70mV less than the outside.

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7
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

a. 140mV
b. -40mV
c. -70mV
d. 40mV

A

-70mV

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is -70mV. The inside of the neuron is 70mV less than the outside.

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8
Q

At rest, there are relatively more Na+ _______ the neuron.

a. Inside
b. Outside
c. Neither - there is the same amount of Na+ inside as outside.

A

b. outside

At rest, there are relatively more Na+ outside the neuron.

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9
Q

At rest, there are relatively more K+ _______ the neuron.

a. Inside
b. Outside
c. Neither - there is the same amount of K+ inside as outside.

A

a. Inside

At rest, there are relatively more K+ inside the neuron.

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10
Q

True or False:

At rest, there are relatively more Na+ inside the neuron and more K+ outside the neuron.

A

False.
Actually:
At rest, there are relatively more Na+ outside the neuron and more K+ inside the neuron.

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11
Q

How is resting potential of neurons maintained?

A

ATP is used to pump Na+ and K+ against their concentration gradients to maintain the resting potential.

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12
Q

Upon receiving a stimulus, what happens in a neuron to cause an action potential?

A

Upon receiving a stimulus, sodium gates and potassium channels open briefly, allowing these ions to diffuse.

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13
Q

How is resting potential in a neuron restored?

A

Active transport of K+ and Na+ against their concentration gradients restores resting potential to a neuron.

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14
Q

At rest, the neuron cytoplasm is:

a. Neutral
b. Positively charged
c. Negatively charged

A

c. Negatively charged

At rest, the neuron cytoplasm is negatively charged (-70mV).

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15
Q

A synapse is:

a. A junction between two neurons.
b. A minute gap between two neurons
c. A place where nerve impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
d. All of the above.

A

d. All of the above.

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16
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A neurotransmitter is a chemical substance which is released at the end of a nerve fibre by the arrival of a nerve impulse. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse to effect the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fibre, muscle fibre, or some other structure.

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17
Q

Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter:

a. Acetycholine
b. Somatostatin
c. Serotonin
d. Endorphins
e. Nitric Oxide

A

b. Somatostatin

Somatostatin is a paracrine chemical messager.

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18
Q

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter:

a. Prostaglandin
b. Histamine
c. Dopamine
d. Oestrogen

A

c. Dopamine

Prostaglandin is an autocrine chemical messenger
Histamine is a paracrine chemical messenger
Oestrogen is an endocrine chemical messenger

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19
Q

_________ consists of the brain and spinal cord.

a. Peripheral nervous system
b. Central nervous system
c. Enteric nervous system
d. Autonomic nervous system

A

b. Central nervous system

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for integrating information and coordinating activity in all parts of the body.

20
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonominc nervous system?

a. Regulating heart rate
b. Sexual arousal
c. Relaying information between the CNS and the rest of the body
d. Mobilizing body systems during the fight or flight response.

A

c. Relaying information between the CNS and the rest of the body

The PNS relays this information.

21
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic system?

a. Dilate bronchi
b. Conserving energy
c. Contracting the bladder
e. Stimulating salvation

A

a. Dilate bronchi

This is done by the sympathetic system.

22
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of the ANS ganglia?

a. They are in the spinal column for the sympathetic system.
b. They are near the target organ in the parasympathetic division.
c. They house a cluster of nerve cell bodies (soma).
d. Integration of afferent and efferent nerves occurs here

A

a. They are in the spinal column for the sympathetic system.

The sympathetic ganglion are located next to the spinal cord.

23
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies (soma) located in the ANS and sensory system.

24
Q

What is the sensory (afferent) division of the PNS?

A

Nerve fibres that carry information to the CNS.

25
Q

What is the motor (efferent) division of the PNS?

A

Nerve fibres that carry information away from the CNS.

26
Q

What is a reflex arc?

a. A single synapse between the afferent and efferent neurons.
b. The simplest neural pathway involving one or more sensory neurons, association neurons in the spine and motor neurons which carry out the reflex before brain is aware.
c. A region of the brain, such as the hypothalamus.

A

b. The simplest neural pathway involving one or more sensory neurons, association neurons in the spine and motor neurons which carry out the reflex before brain is aware.

A single synapse between the afferent and efferent neurons is a monosynaptic reflex, and not all reflexes are monosynaptic - some are polysynaptic, which means they have two or more synapses.

27
Q

What is an integrating centre?

a. A region of the CNS such as the hypothalamus, which signals an effector
b. Association neurons
c. A region which receives signals from many sources
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

28
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)?

a. It is one of the main divisions of the ANS
b. It has about 200 million neurons.
c. It is capable of acting independently of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
d. It governs the function of the gastrointestional tract.
e. None of the above - they are all true.

A

b. It has about 200 million neurons.

The ENS has about 100 million neurons.

29
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the myenteric plexus?

a. It is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscles layers of the muscularis.
b. It is within the submucisa
c. It innervates secretory cells in the mucosal epithelium so controls the secretion of the GI tract.
d. All of the above.

A

a. It is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscles layers of the muscularis.

The myenteric plexus innervates muscles and so controls GI tract motality. It is the submucosal plexus described by b and c.

30
Q

What is NOT a characteristic of hormones?

a. They are produced in small quantities
b. They are secreted into intercellular space
c. They are secreted by ducted glands.
d. They are transported some distance in the circulatory system.

A

c. They are secreted by ducted glands.

Ducted glands are exocrine glands. Endocrine glands are ductless glands.

31
Q

List four endocrine glands.

A

Could include pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, testes, ovaries, pancreatic islets of Langerhans

32
Q

The endocrine system is:

a. Frequency-modulated
b. Ducted
c. Amplitude-modulated
d. Responds instantly

A

c. Amplitude-modulated

The strength of endocrine system’s response is determined by the concentration of the hormone - mostly a small concentration produces a weak response while a large concentration produces a strong response.
a & d refer to the nervous system.
b refers to the exocrine system

33
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of the nervous system?

a. It is frequency-modulated
b. It secretes neuroendocrine peptides/neurohormones into the circulatory system
c. The duration of its response is minutes to days.
d. It may share chemical messengers with the endocrine system e.g. epinephrine.

A

c. The duration of its response is minutes to days.

The nervous system’s response lasts milliseconds/seconds. The endocrine response lasts minutes to days.

34
Q

Which of the following chemical messengers is released by cells to affect other cell types locally without being transported in the blood?

a. Autocrine chemical messengers
b. Paracrine chemical messengers
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Endocrine chemical messengers

A

b. Paracrine chemical messengers

35
Q

Which of the following chemical messengers is released by cells to affect the same cell types locally?

a. Autocrine chemical messengers
b. Paracrine chemical messengers
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Endocrine chemical messengers

A

a. Autocrine chemical messengers

36
Q

Which of the following chemical messengers is produce by neurons and secreted into extracellular by presynaptic nerve terminals?

a. Autocrine chemical messengers
b. Paracrine chemical messengers
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Endocrine chemical messengers

A

c. Neurotransmitters

37
Q

Thyroid hormones, growth hormone, insulin and estrogen are all examples of what type of chemical transmitter?

a. Autocrine chemical messengers
b. Paracrine chemical messengers
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Endocrine chemical messengers

A

d. Endocrine chemical messengers

38
Q

What is true of lipid hormones?

a. They are larger and don’t easily diffuse through membranes
b. They have a short half-life (due to circulating proteases)
c. They must connect to binding proteins in the blood or would be catabolized quickly.
d. Their concentrations tend to change rapidly and the regulate activities with rapid onset and short duration.

A

c. They must connect to binding proteins in the blood or would be catabolized quickly.

A, B & D refer to water soluble hormones.

39
Q

What is NOT a characteristic of water soluble hormones?

a. They are larger and don’t easily diffuse through membranes
b. Their concentrations tend to change rapidly and the regulate activities with rapid onset and short duration.
c. They travel freely in the circulatory system.
d. The liver can attach water soluble radicles to these so that the kidney can excrete them

A

d. The liver can attach water soluble radicles to these so that the kidney can excrete them

This is true of lipid hormones, not water soluble hormones.

40
Q

An example of a humoral stimulus is:

a. Ca+
b. Tropic hormone
c. Inhibitory neurotransmitter
d. Stimulatory neurotransmitter

A

a. Ca+

Humoral stimuli involves the action of a substance other than a hormone on an endocrine gland.

41
Q

Which of the following are lipid-soluble hormones (select all that apply):

a. Testosterone
b. Luteinizing hormone
c. Thyroid hormone
d. Cortisol
e. Glucagon

A

a. Testosterone
c. Thyroid hormone
d. Cortisol

Luteinizing hormone and glucagon are water-soluble

42
Q

Which of the following are water-soluble hormones (select all that apply):

a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
b. Thyroid hormone
c. Epinephrine
d. Insulin
e. Aldosterone

A

a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
c. Epinephrine
d. Insulin

Thyroid hormone and aldosterone are lipid-soluble.

43
Q

The potion of a molecule where hormone binds is called _________.

A

Binding site

The potion of a molecule where hormone binds is called BINDING SITE.

44
Q

A hormone/receptor site is:

a. Non-specific
b. Specific

A

Specific

A hormone/receptor site is SPECIFIC

45
Q

What is true of receptor down regulation?

a. Stimulus causes an increased sensitivity to a particular hormone
b. The rate at which receptors are synthesized decreases after exposure to a hormone.
c. The rate at which receptors are synthesized increases after exposure to a hormone.
d. All of the above

A

b. The rate at which receptors are synthesized decrease after exposure to a hormone.

A and c are true of receptor up regulation

46
Q

Lipid soluble hormones:

a. Are relatively small molecules
b. Cannot pass through the plasma membrane
c. Bind to membrane receptors
d. Often causes the production of a second molecule that activates existing internal systems within cell to amplify signal.

A

a. Are relatively small molecules

B, C and D are true of water soluble hormones

PSIO - Integrated Physiology (8 decks)

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