Lecture 2 and 3: Basal Metabolic Rate

Question 1

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 1

The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.

Consequently, all energy which enters a biological system can be accounted for.

Question 2

Total body energy is all the energy contained within the body. What is this as an equation?

Answer 2

Total body energy = energy stored + energy intake - energy output

Question 3

Energy output = ? + ?

Answer 3

Energy output = Work + Heat

Question 4

Approximately how much (%) of energy is lost to the environment as waste heat?

Answer 4

50%

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of work energy is used for in the body?

a. Transport
b. Mechanical
c. Metabolism
d. Chemical

Answer 5

c. Metabolism

Question 6

Chemical work is best defined as:

a. Movement of body parts driven by muscular contractions
b. Movement of molecules across membranes against their concentration gradients
c. Growth, maintenance and storage of information and energy
d. All the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

Answer 6

c. Growth, maintenance and storage of information and energy

Question 7

Transport work is best defined as:

a. Movement of body parts driven by muscular contractions
b. Movement of molecules across membranes against their concentration gradients
c. Growth, maintenance and storage of information and energy
d. All the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

Answer 7

b. Movement of molecules across membranes against their concentration gradients

This includes the maintenance of membrane potentials via Na/K ATPase pumps

Question 8

Mechanical Work is best defined as:

a. Movement of body parts driven by muscular contractions
b. Movement of molecules across membranes against their concentration gradients
c. Growth, maintenance and storage of information and energy
d. All the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

Answer 8

a. Movement of body parts driven by muscular contractions

Question 9

The breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones, releases energy which is ultimately captured as ATP is:

a. Catabolism
b. Anabolism
c. Metabolism
d. Hydrolysis

Answer 9

a. Catabolism

Question 10

Anabolism is:

a. All the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.
b. The breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones
c. The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones
d. None of the above

Answer 10

c. The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 11

What is NOT true regarding an exergonic reaction:

a. It loses (releases) energy
b. It is nonspontaneous or unfavourable
c. It requires activation energy
d. Energy may be captured from these reactions

Answer 11

b. It is nonspontaneous or unfavourable

Question 12

What is NOT true regarding an endergonic reaction:

a. It is nonspontaneous or unfavourable
b. Energy is absorbed by the reaction
c. Gibbs free energy change is positive
d. It does not required activation energy

Answer 12

d. It does not required activation energy

Question 13

What is true of cellular energy charge:

a. The Atkinson energy charge equation uses the cellular concentrations of AMP and ADP
b. 0.7 is the correct charge ratio for the cell so that the cell can satisfy metabolic requirements
c. The balance is disrupted by any increase in the energy requirements of the cell
d. Cells contain a large quantity of ATP
e. ATP does not have to resynthesized once in the cell.

Answer 13

c. The balance is disrupted by any increase in the energy requirements of the cell

Regarding the other points:
The Atkinson energy charge equation uses the cellular concentrations of AMP and ADP AND ATP
0.8 is the correct charge ratio for the cell so that the cell can satisfy metabolic requirements
d. Cells contain a SMALL quantity of ATP
e. ATP MUST BE CONTINUALLY resynthesized in the cell.

Question 14

What is NOT true of substrate level phosphorylation?

a. It is the biggest source of ATP
b. It converts ADP to ATP by adding a phosphate group
c. It occurs without O2, so is also called anaerobic
d. The phosphocreatine pathway, adenylate kinase reaction and anaerobic glycolysis are examples of it.

Answer 14

a. It is the biggest source of ATP

Substrate level phosphorylation’s contribution to the cellular ATP pool is considered almost negligible - oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis is the biggest ATP contributor.

Question 15

What is NOT true of oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis:

a. Fatty acid B-oxidation is a type of oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis
b. Aerobic glycolysis is a type of oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis
c. It occurs in the mitochondria
d. Phosphate is transferred during enzymatic reactions of metabolic pathways

Answer 15

d. Phosphate is transferred during enzymatic reactions of metabolic pathways

D is true of substrate level phosphorylation

Question 16

Glucose metabolism:

a. Produces 36 ATP per 6 O2 molecules
b. Produces 126 ATP per 23 O2 molecules
c. Is used as a last resort for fuel supply when nothing else is available
d. Is too complicated to calculate number of ATP produced due to variability.

Answer 16

a. Produces 36 ATP per 6 O2 molecules

B refers to fatty acid metabolism
C & D refer to amino acid metabolism

Question 17

Metabolic rate can be estimated by:

a. Measuring oxygen consumption
b. Measuring nutrient intake
c. Measuring carbon dioxide production
d. Measuring exercise rate
d. a and c

Answer 17

d. a and c

Metabolic rate can be estimated by measuring oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production

Question 18

Red Blood Cells use _______ for fuel:

a. Glucose
b. Fatty acids
c. Amino acids
d. All of the above

Answer 18

a. Glucose

Glucose is the ONLY fuel used by RBCs

Question 19

Muscle tissues use _______ for fuel:

a. Glucose
b. Fatty acids
c. Amino acids
d. All of the above

Answer 19

d. All of the above

But amino acids are mainly a reserve fuel

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT true. Higher ATP consumption rate leads to:

a. A higher oxygen consumption rate
b. A higher cardiac output
c. A closely coordinated cardiovascular response
d. Dialysis

Answer 20

d. Dialysis

Question 21

Metabolic rate is:

a. The rate that nutrients pass through the digestive tract.
b. Essentially the amount of energy used per unit of time.
c. All the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.
d. A small increase in energy associated with a small amount of eating and prior activity.

Answer 21

b. Essentially the amount of energy used per unit of time.

Metabolic rate is the rate at which metabolism occurs.

Question 22

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is best described as:

a. A small increase in energy associated with a small amount of eating and prior activity.
b. The rate of energy consumption in the body.
c. The rate of energy consumption by the overall cellular metabolism under standard conditions per unit time per square metre of surface area.
d. The rate at which metabolism occurs.

Answer 22

c. The rate of energy consumption by the overall cellular metabolism under standard conditions per unit time per square metre of surface area.

Question 23

Which of the following are major parameters that determine the BMR of an individual (select all that apply):

a. Age
b. Health
c. Smoking
d. Gender/sex
e. Body surface area
f. Climate
g. Socio-economic position

Answer 23

a. Age
b. Health
d. Gender/sex
e. Body surface area
f. Climate

Question 24

BMR __________ with age:

a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains constant

Answer 24

b. Decreases

BMR decreases with age

Question 25

On average, female BMR is _______ than in males: a. 2 - 10% lower b. 15 - 20% higher c. The same d. 5 - 10% lower e. 2 - 8% higher

Answer 25

d. 5 - 10% lower On average, female BMR is 5 - 10% lower than in males:

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of white adipose tissue (WAT)? a. Store large amounts of lipid b. Have a low metabolic rate c. Have a considerable cytoplasm, with lipids scattered throughout d. Are specialized for lipid storage

Answer 26

c. Have a considerable cytoplasm, with lipids scattered throughout C is a characteristic of brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT contains a large lipid globule and a thin cytoplasm.

Question 27

BMR conditions involve normal conditions of temperature, pressure and humidity, and being in a darkened room. The individual must also: a. Be fasted, mentally rested, reclined and just woken from 8 hours of good sleep. b. Be sitting still, fasted, just woken from 8 hours of good sleep and be calm. c. Be in the post absorptive state, have been awake for at least two hours and be silently sitting. d. None of these are correct.

Answer 27

a. Be fasted, mentally rested, reclined and just woken from 8 hours of good sleep.

Question 28

BMR + small amounts due to prior energy describes: a. TEE b. TEF c. BEE d. RMR e. REE

Answer 28

d. RMR RMR is BMR + small amounts due to prior energy describes:

Question 29

Dietary induced thermogenesis involving a post-meal elevation in RMR due to digestive processes describes: a. TEE b. TEF c. BEE d. RMR e. REE

Answer 29

b. TEF - Thermic Effect of Food

Question 30

BMR extrapolated over 24 hours is: a. TEE b. TEF c. BEE d. RMR e. REE

Answer 30

c. BEE - Basal Energy Expenditure

Question 31

Exercise metabolic rate involving the increased metabolic rate associated with exercise; the metabolic after effects of exercise is called: a. TEE b. TEF c. BEE d. RMR e. REE

Answer 31

a. TEE - Thermic Effect of Exercise

Question 32

Which of the following is true of TEF (select all that apply): a. It means "thermic effect of food" b. It is also called TEE c. It is about 8 - 10% of one's caloric intake d. It varies substantially for different food components e. The magnitude of TEF for carbohydrates is 10 - 20% f. The magnitude of TEF for protein is 20 - 35%

Answer 32

a. It means "thermic effect of food" c. It is about 8 - 10% of one's caloric intake d. It varies substantially for different food components f. The magnitude of TEF for protein is 20 - 35% TEE stands for thermic effect of exercise The magnitude of TEF for carbohydrates is 5 - 15%

Question 33

A positive (energy) balance occurs when: a. Energy intake is higher than energy consumed by work and heat. b. Energy intake is less than energy consumed by work and heat. c. Is mainly caused by medical conditions. d. Results in reductions to muscle and fat tissue.

Answer 33

a. Energy intake is higher than energy consumed by work and heat. B, C and D are true of negative energy balance

Question 34

What is body composition: a. Is usually expressed as a percentage of muscle mass b. Is the ratio of essential fat to stored fat. c. Is usually expressed as a percentage of essential fat out of total fat d. The ratio of fat tissue to lean body mass

Answer 34

d. The ratio of fat tissue to lean body mass It is usually expressed as a percentage of body fat.

Question 35

Stored fat: a. Is found in bone marrow, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, intestines, muscles, the CNS and kidneys b. Is 4x more in women than men c. Is comprised of both subcutaneous fat and visceral fat d. All of the above

Answer 35

c. Is comprised of both subcutaneous fat and visceral fat Stored fat is adipose tissue. Visceral fat is located around organs and in the abdominal area. Subcutaneous fat is under the skin. A and B relate to essential fat.

Question 36

In a negative energy balance: a. Fat accumulates b. Adipose cells expand c. Fatty acids are released from adipose cells d. More mitochondria form

Answer 36

c. Fatty acids are released from adipose cells

Question 37

Visceral fat releases free fatty acids, which travel to the liver. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of this: a. Increased HDL b. Increased LDL c. Insulin resistance d. Increased cholesterol

Answer 37

a. Increased HDL HDL DECREASES in this situation

Question 38

Which of the following is true of BMI? a. It is accurate for everyone b. It is a direct measure of percent body fat c. BMI is a better indicator of health than waist circumference d. Athletes may have a BMI outside the healthy weight range

Answer 38

d. Athletes may have a BMI outside the healthy weight range

Question 39

Being overweight increases risk of: a. Hypotension b. Heart disease and certain cancers c. Type 1 diabetes d. All of the above

Answer 39

b. Heart disease and certain cancers

Question 40

Being underweight increases risk of: a. Osteoporosis b. Heart irregularities c. Anemia d. All of the above

Answer 40

d. All of the above

Question 41

Direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry and heart rate recording are all used to estimate: a. Metabolic rate b. Body composition c. Life expectancy/mortality d. Lung capacity

Answer 41

a. Metabolic rate

Question 42

Placing a subject inside an insulated chamber and directly measuring the temperature increase of a known mass of water to estimate/measure metabolic rate is: a. Direct calorimetry b. Indirect calorimetry c. Heart rate recording d. An open circuit method e. A closed circuit method

Answer 42

a. Direct calorimetry

Question 43

Estimating/measuring an individual's metabolic rate by measuring the volume of O2 inhaled over a given period of time is: a. Direct calorimetry b. Indirect calorimetry c. Heart rate recording d. An open circuit method e. A closed circuit method

Answer 43

b. Indirect calorimetry

Question 44

An advantage of whole body (direct) calorimetry is: a. It's very accurate b. It's inexpensive c. It's easy to operate d. It's suitable for most subjects.

Answer 44

a. It's very accurate Whole body (direct) calorimetry is expensive, difficult to operate and not suitable for many subjects.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT true of the closed circuit method of indirect calorimetry: a. CO2 is produced and absorbed within the system b. O2 is added to maintain the volume of gas constant c. O2 consumption is measured from the reduction in the volume of the gas using a spirometer d. The RQ can be calculated from the results

Answer 45

d. The RQ can be calculated from the results The absorption of CO2 means the RQ cannot be calculated from the results

Question 46

Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is the ratio of moles of CO2 produced to moles of O2 consumed for any given nutrient. What has the highest RQ? a. Glucose b. Fat c. Protein d. Mixed diet

Answer 46

a. Glucose Glucose has an RQ of about 0.995

Question 47

Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is the ratio of moles of CO2 produced to moles of O2 consumed for any given nutrient. What has the lowest RQ? a. Glucose b. Fat c. Protein d. Mixed diet

Answer 47

b. Fat Fat has an RQ of about 0.806

Question 48

Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is the ratio of moles of CO2 produced to moles of O2 consumed for any given nutrient. RQ can be increased by: a. Hypoventilation b. Mild starvation with ketosis c. Overfeeding leading to lipogenesis d. Gluconeogenesis

Answer 48

c. Overfeeding leading to lipogenesis Other factors which increase RQ are: hyperventilation Metabolic acidosis Exercise a, b and d decrease RQ

Question 49

What is an advantage of the open circuit method of calorimetry? a. O2 and CO2 electrodes are not needed b. Accurate for anyone to use c. It is safe d. All of the above

Answer 49

c. It is safe It is safe as the person breathes atmospheric air. It does need O2 and CO2 electrodes It is accurate but depends on operator skill

Question 50

The Douglas Bag Method is most accurately: a. Direct calorimetry b. Indirect calorimetry c. Heart rate recording d. An open circuit method e. A closed circuit method

Answer 50

d. An open circuit method | It is indirect