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Anatomy and Physiology > Lectures 18-19: Small Intestine, Colon, and Rectum > Flashcards

Lectures 18-19: Small Intestine, Colon, and Rectum Flashcards

1
Q

Where are a) nutrients and water extracted from the chyme for use in the body and b) excess waste is excreted?

A

Small intestine

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2
Q

Another name for small intestine

A

small bowel

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3
Q

Where are most of the absorption of water and nutrients absorbed?

A

small intestine

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4
Q

What are the divisions of the small intestine?

A

in this order, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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5
Q

Where does the SI start and end?

A

pylorus and ends at the ileocecal valve

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6
Q

What does duodenum mean?

A

“12”

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7
Q

where does the duodenum run from?

A

pylorus to the ligament of Treitz

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8
Q

what type of organ is the duodenum?

A

retroperitoneal organ

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9
Q

what does jejunum mean?

A

“empty”

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10
Q

Where does the jejunum run from?

A

Ligament of Treitz to the mid-small bowel

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11
Q

What does the jejunum have, structural-wise?

A

Muscular folds called plicae circulares

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12
Q

What type of organ is the jejunum?

A

Intraperitoneal organ

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13
Q

What does ileum mean?

A

“twisted”

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14
Q

The ileum runs from the…

A

mid-small bowel to the ileocecal valve at the colon

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15
Q

What type of organ is the ileum?

A

intraperitoneal organ

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16
Q

what is prominent in the ileum

A

The plicae circulares in the upper to mid-ileum

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17
Q

why is plicae circulares prominent in the ileum

A

plicae circulares increases surface area and corkscrews the motion of the chyme

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18
Q

what supplies the duodenum with blood?

A

gastroduodenal artery and branches of the superior mesenteric artery

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19
Q

what supplies the jejunum with blood?

A

jejunal branches of the superior mesenteric artery

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20
Q

what supplies the ileum with blood?

A

ileal, right colic, ileocolic, and appendiceal branches of the superior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

what does villus mean?

A

“tuft of hair”

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22
Q

what do the villus do?

A

they are used for absorption

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23
Q

what do villus have on their surface?

A

microvilli that form the brush border

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24
Q

where are intestinal glands located?

A

the crypts of Lieberkuhn

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25
Q

what do the intestinal glands do?

A

secrete intestinal juices

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26
Q

what are paneth cells?

A

in the deepest part of glands; secrete lysozyme (bactericidal enzyme); are phagocytes

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27
Q

what are enteroendocrine glands?

A

the deepest part of gland; cells secrete secretin (S-cells), CCK (CCK-cells), and gastric inhibitory peptide (K-cells)

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28
Q

what are Brunner’s glands

A

lie in the deepest part of duodenal mucosa; secrete alkaline mucous which neutralizes acid

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29
Q

what are Goblet cells

A

cells that secrete mucous

30
Q

what patch detects foreign elements in what

A

Peyer’s patches in lymphatic tissue that detect foreign elements in the GI tract and signal the immune system

31
Q

what part of the colon receives chyme from what

A

Cecum; terminal ileum

32
Q

what guards the cecum from what and why

A

a fold of mucosa in ileocecal valve to prevent backflow of the feces into the SI

33
Q

what supplies the right colon with blood?

A

right colic arteries of the superior mesenteric artery

34
Q

what does SMA stand for?

A

superior mesenteric artery

35
Q

what supplies the transverse color with blood?

A

middle colic artery of SMA

36
Q

what supplies the descending colon with blood?

A

left colic branches and arcades of the Drummond of the inferior mesenteric artery

37
Q

what does IMA stand for?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

38
Q

what supplies the sigmoid colon with blood?

A

sigmoid arteries of IMA

39
Q

-tome

A

“to cut”

40
Q

-tomy

A

“to remove by cutting”

41
Q

-otomy

A

“to cut open with intent of closing the wound

42
Q

-ostomy

A

“cut open permanently or semipermanently”

43
Q

what is the greater omentum mostly made of

A

fat

44
Q

what functions does the greater omentum do?

A

stores fat and supplies the stomach with blood

45
Q

what does the lesser omentum carry?

A

vessels that go to the stomach and liver

46
Q

two processes of the SI

A

digestion and absorption

47
Q

how long does it take for food to move through the SI

A

4-6hrs

48
Q

what activity moves chyme through the SI

A

peristalsis

49
Q

what continues breaking down food in the SI

A

three pancreatic enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase

50
Q

what is fistulas

A

bile leakage

51
Q

what breaks proteins down?

A

pepsin from stomach

52
Q

what splits lipids into monoglycerides

A

pancreatic lipase

53
Q

what splits carbs into sugars

A

pancreatic amylase

54
Q

maltose

A

glucose times 2; split maltase

55
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose, split by sucrase

56
Q

lactose

A

glucose and galactose, split by lactase

57
Q

how much nutrition is absorbed in the SI

A

90-95%

58
Q

What is absorbed in the SI?

A

Carbs (monosaccharides), proteins, and lipids

59
Q

common types of monosaccharides in SI

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

60
Q

common types of proteins in SI

A

amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides

61
Q

common types of lipids

A

fatty acids, monoglycerides, and glycerol

62
Q

what results from an intake of too much liquids?

A

drop in sodium and electrolytes. Can cause death

63
Q

what signals distension?

A

myenteric plexus

64
Q

what impulses increase motility and secretion

A

sympathetic impulses

65
Q

what stimulates secretion?

A

vasoactive peptide (VIP)

66
Q

another name for colon

A

large intestine (LI)

67
Q

Main jobs of rectum, anus, and colon

A

absorbing water; storing; elimination of waste

68
Q

what is mass peristalsis

A

the gastrocolic reflex moving the chyme through the colon

69
Q

what is the only function of the LI

A

absorping water

70
Q

what is gas mostly?

A

swallowed air

71
Q

what makes the feces

A

water, salts, desquamated epithelial cells, bacterial decay products and undigested food

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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