Lecture 30: Musculoskeletal System - Bones

Question 1

How many named bones?

Answer 1

206

Question 2

Axial bones

Answer 2

Parallel to gravity center; lined vertically for support.

Question 3

Appendicular bones

Answer 3

Mostly limbs and girdles attaching to axial system.

Question 4

Functions of skeletal system

Answer 4

1. With muscular attachments, movement
2. Body support
3. Internal organ physical protection
4. Producing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and red marrow (macrophages)
5. Storing of minerals - calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium
6. Storing lipids for emergencies (yellow marrow)

Question 5

Bone types

Answer 5

Flat bones; long bones; short bones; irregular bones

Question 6

Flat bones

Answer 6

Protective; parallel body srufaces

Question 7

Long bones

Answer 7

Curved, strong, weight-bearing, compact, spongy. Are the limbs

Question 8

Short bones

Answer 8

Spongy centers; compact on surface, are cuboidal. Are wrist and ankle bones.

Question 9

Irregular bones

Answer 9

Various functions

Question 10

Sesamoid bones

Answer 10

Used to change the direction of a movement; buried in tendons

Question 11

Diaphysis

Answer 11

Long bone section. Supplied by nutrient artery.

Question 12

Metaphysis

Answer 12

Intermediate area between diaphysis and epiphysis. Growth occurs here.

Question 13

Epiphysis

Answer 13

Bone end. Epiphyseal artery enters through here.

Question 14

Articular cartilage

Answer 14

Line bone-to-bone joints for moving without friction.

Question 15

Periosteum

Answer 15

Fibrous bone covering; vessels and nerves source. Ruptures of this result in bone pain. Supplied by periosteal artery.

Question 16

Marrow cavity

Answer 16

Hollow center of bone in diaphysis

Question 17

Tuberosity

Answer 17

roughened, rounded knob

Question 18

Tubercle

Answer 18

Smaller knob

Question 19

Spine or spinous process

Answer 19

slender projection

Question 20

Trochanter

Answer 20

Large projection of the femur

Question 21

Condyle

Answer 21

Large knob or rounded surface

Question 22

Epicondyle

Answer 22

Smaller prominence above condyle

Question 23

Facet

Answer 23

Flattened surface of a joint attachement

Question 24

Crest

Answer 24

ridge

Question 25

Sinus

Answer 25

hollow space

Question 26

Meatus

Answer 26

Tunnel or canal

Question 27

Fossa

Answer 27

Depression

Question 28

Foramen

Answer 28

Hole or opening

Question 29

Fissure

Answer 29

Cleft

Question 30

Bone development in embryos

Answer 30

Bones start as cartilage; it gradually calcifies. Bones form hollow areas up and down the bones. Nutrient arteries and matrices (molecules without calcium) form. Diaphysis and metaphysis become truly separate.

Question 31

Bone development in children

Answer 31

Epiphyseal plates open for growing; closed at adult age.

Question 32

Osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 32

Multipotential skeletal cells

Question 33

Osteoblasts

Answer 33

Bone-forming cells

Question 34

Osteocytes

Answer 34

Mature bone cells that become trapped in a matrix at maturity

Question 35

Osteoclasts

Answer 35

Cells that reabsorb bone and destroy old bone.

Question 36

Collagen

Answer 36

Soft, strong connective tissue; supports and reinforces mineralized matrix

Question 37

Reduction

Answer 37

Reestablishment of fractured bones and dislocations into a normal position

Question 38

Dislocation

Answer 38

Break in bone itself

Question 39

Osteoarthritis

Answer 39

Degenerative disease from wear and tear on joints. Affects large joints first and synovial and weight-bearing joints.

Question 40

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 40

Autoimmune disease; people become allergic to their own joints. Mostly affects small, fine-tuned joints.