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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 28: Musculoskeletal System - Physiology and Physics of the Muscles > Flashcards

Lecture 28: Musculoskeletal System - Physiology and Physics of the Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the muscles

A

Give stability and postural tone; allow accurate movement; regulate organ movement and volume; generate heat

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2
Q

How much of the body is muscle?

A

50%

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3
Q

What is shivering?

A

Rapid muscle contraction that helps the body create heat.

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4
Q

All motion is accomplished by…

A

Opposing muscle pairs

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5
Q

What are muscles?

A

Conductors; respond to electrical stimulation by contracting

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6
Q

Three muscle types

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
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7
Q

Skeletal muscles

A
  1. Attaches to bone, skin, fascia, and other muscles
  2. Some nerves activate certain muscle fibers
  3. Are voluntary
  4. Are striated (striped); bands of muscle fibers made of actin and myosin
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8
Q

Smooth muscles

A
  1. Walls of hollow organs, hair follicles, blood vessels
  2. Regulates size of intestinal muscles
  3. Activated by one or multiple nerves (depending on function)
  4. Is involuntary
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9
Q

Cardiac muscles

A
  1. Walls of the heart
  2. Microscopically striated
  3. Joins in muscles for coordinated action
  4. Involuntary and autorhythmic
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10
Q

Nerves - motor neurons; cell bodies

A
  1. Motor neurons activate muscles

2. Cell body located in spinal cord; axon ends in the muscle

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11
Q

What does a motor unit contain?

A

A motor neuron and supplied muscle fibers. When the neuron fires, its muscle fibers fire off too.

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12
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Location of where the nerve meets another nerve or a muscle. Its ending is a synaptic gap and this separates it from the muscle.

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13
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

An intermediary for the nerve to directly electrically stimulate the muscle.

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14
Q

Anatomy of a neuron

A

Axon has an axon terminal. Ends with synaptic bulbs with contain synaptic vesicles. The vesicles have many neurotransmitter molecules.

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15
Q

Most common neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

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16
Q

What do ATP and ADP do?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and diphosphate (ADP) store potential chemical energy in the cells of muscles.

17
Q

ATP

A

Converted to kinetic energy (ability to perform work)

18
Q

ADP

A

Perform work (moving object any distance)

19
Q

Skeletal muscle types

A 
Type I (mainly postural muscles) 
Type IIA (sprinter's muscles in track) 
Type IIB (typically muscles of shoulders and arms)
20
Q

Type I skeletal muscle fibers

A

Are slow oxidative fibers which are fatigue-resistant/slow-twitch. They use oxygen to make ATP which is split slowly and the fibers contract slowly.

21
Q

Type IIA skeletal muscle fibers

A

Are fast oxidative fibers that are slightly fatigue-resistant; fast-twitch A. Make ATP using oxygen. Split ATP and contract quickly.

22
Q

Type IIB

A

Fast glycolytic fibers/fatigable fibers; fast twitch B. Make ATP without oxygen quickly, but inconsistently.

23
Q

Anaerobically

A

Does not require oxygen

24
Q

Aerobically

A

Requires oxygen

25
Q

What is in all three groups of skeletal muscles?

A

Leg muscles that have postural, walking, and sprinting fibers. They can be altered by changing exercise pattern.

26
Q

Muscle contraction is…

A

All or nothing: fired muscle fibers contract all the way or do not contract at all.

27
Q

Grand mal epileptic seizures

A

Entire brain fires

28
Q

Spastic paralysis

A

All arm muscles fire and the hand bends down; the adductor, biceps, and pronator are stronger than opposing muscles.

29
Q

What does contraction force depend on?

A

Frequency (stimulation per second), muscle length before contraction, and stimulated motor units

30
Q

Muscle tone

A

The muscle firmness that is caused by continuous involuntary contractions of small motor units

31
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Same tension on all muscles

32
Q

isometric contraction

A

Muscle length stays the same

33
Q

Concentric motion

A

Positive repetition; angle between two limbs decrease

34
Q

Eccentric motion

A

Negative repetition; angle between two limbs increases. This type damages muscles more than concentric motion. Useful for weightlifters since it will slightly damage muscle and will rebuild bigger.

35
Q

Exercises

A

Repeated: low-level, aerobic (can meet oxygen needs) like jogging.
Anaerobic: like weight lifting; builds muscle mass

36
Q

Interval training

A

Exercises that combines aerobic and anaerobic in the same activity; varies the intensity

37
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament

38
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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