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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 25-27: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture 25-27: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Sex organs in 5-week embryos

A

Undifferentiated; the genital tubercle, glans, urethral folds, labioscrotal swelling, and perineum start to develop.

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2
Q

Sex organs in 10-week embryos

A

Starting of differentiation in glans and urethral folds; perineum connected to anus. Not enough to tell the sex yet.

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3
Q

Sex organs right before birth in embryos

A

Have completely differentiated.

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4
Q

Hypospadias

A

Urethra not connected to bladder. Surgically fixed at birth.

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5
Q

Sex organs between 10 weeks and birth in males

A

The testes, epididymis, mesonephric duct (later the spermatocord), and prostate develop. Right before birth the testes descend into scrotum and prostate develops.

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6
Q

Müllerian duct

A

Degenerates in males after 10 weeks; becomes the fallopian tubes in females.

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7
Q

Sex organs in female right before birth.

A

Sex organs descend, but stay internal.

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8
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

Caused by abnormal chromosomes; results in a person having somewhat both sets of sex organs.

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9
Q

Sperm movement

A

Sperm and fluids go through tubules and ducts to the epididymis. There, the sperm mature and goes through the vas deferens to ejaculatory duct.

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10
Q

Scrotum

A

Means “bag”. It holds the testes; superficial fascia (dartos) contracts the scrotum to the body for warmth.

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11
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Testes/testicles fail to descend. Can lead to sterility and testicular cancer. Can be corrected by surgery or hormone injection.

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12
Q

Spermatogensis

A

At puberty, spermatozoa begin to be made in the seminiferous tubules.

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13
Q

Cremaster

A

Involuntary muscle; pulls testes closer to the body for warmth.

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14
Q

Epididymis

A

Sperm, brought by efferent ducts into the epididymis. It matures for two weeks, increasing motility. The epididymis has smooth muscle to move sperm along.

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15
Q

Function of ejaculatroy duct

A

During ejaculation, sperm is pushed out into the urethra.

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16
Q

Functions of seminal vesicles

A

Secrete nutritive and protective fluids for the spermatozoa. The semen protects the sperm and levels the acidity of the vagina.

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17
Q

Cowper’s glands functions

A

Secrete an acid-neutralizing fluid for the urethra.

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18
Q

Chromosomes

A

Normally are 23.

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19
Q

Mitosis

A

When daughter cells divide with full chromosome sets. If they divide completely, the result is identical twins.

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20
Q

Diploid

A

Cell with two sets of chromosomes. Like somatic cells/normal body tissue.

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21
Q

Haploid

A

Cell with one set of chromosomes like germ cells.

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22
Q

Parts of the sperm

A

Sperm head (pierces egg); nucleus (w/ one set chromosomes); tail for propelling

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23
Q

Male-female analogs

A 
Foreskin-prepuce
Glans-clitoris
Scrotal skin/hair-labia majora 
Prostate-Skene's glands
Cowper's glands-Bartholin's glands
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24
Q

Parts of the vulva, aka pudendum

A

Prepuce; clitoris; labia majora (external skin folds); labia minora; vestibule

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25
Q

Labia majora and labia minora

A

Labia majora: “large lips”, are external skin folds

Labia minora: “small lips”, secrete oil

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26
Q

Parts of the vestibule

A

Hymen, vaginal orifice, external urethral orifice, Skene’s glands, Bartholin’s glands

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27
Q

Parts of internal genitalia (female)

A

Uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, ovaries

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28
Q

Functions of the vagina

A

Receiver of spermatozoa; birth canal

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29
Q

Functions of the uterus

A

Takes sperm to the ovum; holds developing zygote

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30
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized ovum

31
Q

Parts of the uterus

A

Fundus (superior); corpus (body/midsection); cervix (neck). Endometrium (covers the muscles of the uterus) and myometrium (muscular lining of uterus).

32
Q

Cervical os

A

Cervix’s opening. A mucous plug plugs it except during fertile period.

33
Q

Uterine cancer

A

Cander of endometrium

34
Q

Fibromas (leiomyomas)

A

Benign tumors in the uterine wall.

35
Q

Uterine prolapse

A

When the uterus moves excessively downwards, typically because of age.

36
Q

Human papilloma virus (cervical cancer)

A

Sexually transmitted disease

37
Q

Functions of the fallopian tubes

A

Carries ovum to the uterus.

38
Q

Parts of the fallopian tubes

A

Infundibulum; ampulla (mid-portion/widened part); isthmus (leads to uterus).

39
Q

Functions of follicles

A

Primary follicles, after developing from primordial follicles, contain oocytes. The ovum comes from the graafian follicle. When the graafian follicles burst, they release eggs into fallopian tube. All nurture developing oocytes.

40
Q

Corpus luteum

A

“Yellow body”. From ovulation and estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin come from this.

41
Q

Corpus albicans

A

“White body”. The remains of degenerating follicle.

42
Q

Things that happen during menstruation

A

Some secondary follicles start to mature in ovaries

43
Q

Breasts

A

Aka mammary glands. Are modified sweat glands.

44
Q

Parts of the breasts

A

Lobules in lobes; nipple; areola; ducts; ligaments; breast tissue and fat.

45
Q

Lactation (milk letdown)

A

Oxytocin controls it; prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone are involved in producing milk.

46
Q

When does further cell division trigger?

A

It results in creating a blastocyst that implants in the uterine wall.

47
Q

Totipotential/pluripotential

A

Cells that can become any type of cells (like blastocyst cells). The cells will become specific type of cells, specializing during development.

48
Q

The embryonic neural crest is the start of…

A

Nervous tissue and vertebra

49
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A test that works by draining some amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac that is around the embryo. It can determine abnormalities. 8-10 weeks.

50
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome

51
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

When the neural crest does not close.

52
Q

Chorionic villi sampling

A

Small pieces are taken from the placenta in a 14-16 week range.

53
Q

DNA

A

Four components are C, G, A, T. Only about 10% has functional use.

54
Q

Somatic cells

A

DNA is Diploid; each cell has whole DNA amount. Mutations in cell are only transmitted along a particular cell line.

55
Q

Germ cells

A

DNA is haploid; has only one side of genetic component (male or female). Mutations are in every cell of offspring.

56
Q

Define genetic

A

DNA changes in any cell.

57
Q

Define inherited

A

DNA changes that is passed through germ line; all cells will show it.

58
Q

Define congenital

A

At birth; it can be genetic and/or inherited

59
Q

Genes

A

Where in the nuclear DNA that have instructions of body processes; gene proteins carry them out.

60
Q

Define genotype

A

The genetic makeup of a cell in regard to its complement of genes.

61
Q

Define phenotype

A

How the body expresses its complement.

62
Q

Pairs of chromosomes

A

Called homologues.

63
Q

Alleles

A

Genes that are on the same location on a chromosome for the same trait.

  1. Dominant alleles: trait expressive
  2. Recessive alleles: dominant allele overrides. Most harmful genes.
  3. Incomplete dominance: cell has both dominant and recessive genes.
64
Q

Homozygous

A

When a trait has similar alleles at a specific place.

65
Q

Heterozygous

A

When cells at a specific point are different. Heterozygous gene pairs results in incomplete penetrance.

66
Q

Punnett square

A

Matrix with all types of allele variations.

67
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

C23 is either X or Y. Male: XY; Female: XX. In females, one X chromosome is deactivated; only one active X.

68
Q

Chromosome Y traits

A

Y starts male differentiation. Can be used to trace genetics way back.

69
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

No second X chromosome in females; the results are sterility and small size.

70
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Males get and extra X chromosome. Results in sterility, slight mental retardation, and breast enlargement.

71
Q

Metafemale

A

Three X chromosome; results are mental retardation, sterility, underdevelopment.

72
Q

Non-disjunction

A

When chromosomes do not separate during meiosis. Results in abnormal numbers of chromosomes in cells

73
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that results in four daughter cells and 1/2 the number of chromosomes that the parent cell has.

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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