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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 20: Endocrine System - Pituitary and Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Endocrine System - Pituitary and Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

define “ex”

A

out

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2
Q

define “krinein”

A

to secrete

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3
Q

define “endo”

A

within

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4
Q

functions of exocrine glands

A

secrete secretions into ducts which carry the secretions out of glands into lumens of certain places of the body

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5
Q

functions of endocrine glands

A

secrete sectretions right into spaces around cells; the products are picked up and carried by bloodstream

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6
Q

purely endocrine system organs

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

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7
Q

define “hormon”

A

urge on

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8
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers that act on organs and normally regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism

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9
Q

How long do hormones take to work?

A

Varies; some take seconds, minutes, or hours

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10
Q

how does the nervous system act?

A

By generating nerve impulses to activate or inhibit effector organs. Sometimes stimulates release of hormones.

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11
Q

How long do nerve impulses last?

A

effect in milliseconds, result short-lived

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12
Q

what do nerve impulses normally cause?

A

muscle contraction and secretion of fluids from certain glands

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13
Q

what glands are located in the brain

A

the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland

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14
Q

what glands are in the neck?

A

thyroid gland with four parathyroid glands behind it

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15
Q

what gland is in the chest?

A

thymus

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16
Q

what glands lie on top of the kidneys?

A

adrenal (suprarenal) glands

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17
Q

what lets cells pick what hormones they need

A

receptors (glycoproteins)

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18
Q

what happens when there is an excess of hormones?

A

number of receptors decrease

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19
Q

define “para”

A

near

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20
Q

define “auto”

A

self

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21
Q

where do paracrine hormones act?

A

cells right next to it without crossing the bloodstream

22
Q

where do autocrine cells act?

A

on the cell that secreted them. Cancer cells love these.

23
Q

where does the pituitary gland lie

A

sella turcica (“Turkish saddle”) at base of the brain, behind the optic chiasm

24
Q

what controls the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

25
Q

what functions do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland manage?

A

stress, rage, flight-fight, body temperature, thirst, hunger, sexual activity, and in general, survival

26
Q

2 parts of pituitary gland

A

anterior (75%), posterior (25%)

27
Q

hormones from the anterior pituitary

A
  1. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. Prolactin (PL)
  4. Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
  5. Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH)
  6. Human growth hormone (hGH or somatotropin)
28
Q

what does TSH do?

A

makes the thyroid release hormones

29
Q

FSH and LH function

A

release of estrogens and progestrones

30
Q

prolactin (PL) function

A

production of milk

31
Q

adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) function

A

release of adrenal cortical hormones

32
Q

MSH function

A

increased skin pigmentation

33
Q

hGH functions

A

body growth and metabolic processes

34
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism

A

A person has low hGH levels in growth years, the bone-growth-plate closes before person achieves normal size. Organs stay small.

35
Q

what is pituitary giantism

A

An oversecretion of hGH during growing years. It causes long bones and tallness and normal proportions

36
Q

what is acromegaly

A

A functioning pituitary tumor in an normal adult. Bones in face, hands, and feet thicken; tongue, eyelids, and nose bigger. Pituitary tumor can cause tunnel vision

37
Q

characteristics of posterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Does not synthesize hormones
  2. Will store and secrete two.
  3. Hormones from brain are stored here in packets
38
Q

other names for whole, anterior, and posterior pituitary gland

A

whole: hypophysis
anterior: adenohypophysis
posterior: neurohypophysis

39
Q

two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland

A
  1. oxytocin

2. antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

40
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

decrease urine production, increase reabsorption of kidneys. Alcohol inhibits this secretion

41
Q

what type of gland are the adrenal glands?

A

retroperitoneal

42
Q

3 zones of adrenal glands and their hormones

A
  1. mineralocorticoids; aldosterone (96%), plus water and electrolytes
  2. glucocorticoids; cortisol (hydrocortisone) for immune system, protein catabolism and lipolysis; anti-inflammatory, allergic reactions, slows wound repair
43
Q

what is lipolysis

A

making triglycerides into fatty acids

44
Q

what is protein catabolism

A

breakdown of proteins into amino acids

45
Q

what is glucose formation

A

gluconeogenesis

46
Q

what is Addison’s disease and the result

A

Disease: lack of adrenocortical.
Results: lethargy, low blood pressure, weight loss, anorexia, and low blood sugar

47
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Disease: Excessive adrenal cortical function.
Result: Spindly arms and legs, moon-face, buffalo hump on back, flushed skin, hypertension, osteoporosis, and decreased resistance to infection and stress

48
Q

androgens

A

Masculinizing hormones. Lots adult male. Converted to estrogen in females after menopause

49
Q

hormones made in or from the adrenal medulla

A

Makes chromaffin (“color affinity”) cells. Stimulates the release of epinephrine (adrenalin, 80%) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin, 20%)

50
Q

what happens when there is a hypersecretion of pheochromocytoma, aka a tumor of the adrenal medulla?

A

paroxysmal hypertension, causing an extreme fight of flight response

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