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ACBS Reproductive > lectures 16-18 > Flashcards

lectures 16-18 Flashcards

1
Q

Steps from Viable Sperm to Fertilization

A

Tranverse the Cervix
Transport through uterus to oviduct
sperm capacitation
bind to oocyte
acrosome reaction
penetrate zona pellucida and fuse with oocyte plasma membrane

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2
Q

Spem in the Female Tract is lost by

A

phagocytosis by neutrophils (powerful white blood cell)
mucosa of fmeale repro tract
Retrograde Transport

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3
Q

Degree of Sperm lost in tract depends on

A

Nature of Ejaculate
Site of Seminal Deposition

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4
Q

Deposition of Sperm and Retrograde Loss

A

Ram, Bull, Man
-cranial vagina
Boar and Stallion
-into or through cervix

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5
Q

Insemination Location

A

Uterine Body Vs. Corunal little difference
Directly in Cervix much better than in horns- much higher sperm percent recovered

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6
Q

____Rapid____ Transport Phase

A

–Sperm reach oviducts within a few minutes
–sperm are not viable
–Primarily the result of elevated uterine muscularis tone and motility

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7
Q

____sustained_____ Transport Phase

A

Continues to enter the oviduct for hours (trickle-like)
-reservoir in cervix and uterotubal junction
Sperm “docking” in oviduct epithelium promotes survival
-without docking the sperm die 6-10 hours

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8
Q

Endocrine Aspect of uterus muscularis tone and motility

A

-Intermittent Muscularis Contraction
-Fluid Distribution in Female Reproductive Tract
-Other Seminal Factors

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9
Q

Intermittent Muscularis Contractions

A
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10
Q

Fluid Distribution in Female Reproductive Tract

A
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11
Q

Other Seminal Factors

A
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12
Q

Cervix is a

A

major barrier for sperm transport and also a reservoir for sperm
-cervical mucus
-sulfomucin

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13
Q

Cervical Mucus

A

sialomucin
-low viscosity
-produced by basal areas of cervical crypts
encountered sperm swim in privileged pathways

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14
Q

Sulfomucin (apical areas)

A

Highly viscous
encountered sperm being washed out of the tract

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15
Q

Capacitation

A

sperm undergoes change in female repro tract and achieve max fertility
-Biochem changes of _sperm plasma___ membrane
-can happen over a few hours
-reversible in seminal plasma
epididymal, ejaculated, capacitated

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16
Q

Model of Capacitation

A

-displacement or release of decapacitation factors
-removal of cholestrol into cholestrol acceptors
-influx of calcium
-increase in cytoplasmic cAMP
-Changes in activity of cytoplasmic enzymes

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17
Q

Sequence of Events required for Fertilization

A

-Hyperactive Motility
-Binding to Zona Pellucida
-Acrosomal Reaction
-Penetration of Zona Pellucida
-Sperm-Oocyte membrane fusion
-Sperm engulfed
-decondensation of sperm nucleus
-formation of male pronucleus

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18
Q

Acquisition of hyperactive motility

A

Occurs in the _oviduct____
Facilitates sperm-oocyte contact
-placement
-penetration of ZP

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19
Q

Sperm Bind to ZP to

A

Adhere sperm to ZP
-primary zona binding region
Initiate acrosome reaction

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20
Q

Zona Pellucida Made up of

A

made up of 3 glycoproteins
ZP1- structural integrity, cross links 2 and 3, not essential for fert.
ZP2- mediates subsequent sperm binding
ZP3- species specific sperm binding

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21
Q

Acrosomal Reaction

A

-Penetration of ZP (enzymes)
-exposes equatorial segment on sperms- required for sperm-oocyte fusion
Vesiculation
Acrosin
ZP needs to remain intact

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22
Q

Sperm Oocyte fusion

A

Requires fusion protein
-located in equatorial segment of sperm membrane and oocyte membrane
-activated after acrosome rxn
-enable the sperm membrane to fuse/bind with oocyte membrane

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23
Q

Cortical Rxn= zona rxn

A

exocytosis cortical vesicles
zona block
vitelline block
GOAL is to prevent polyspermy
SLIDE 13 lecture 16

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24
Q

pronuclei formation
male+female DNA form single nucleus

A

de-condensation of sperm nucleus
fusion of male and female pronuclei= syngamy

25
Q

zygote

A

first stage of embryogenesis

26
Q

LECTURE 17 BELOW

A
27
Q

embryo

A

An animal in its earliest stage of development, defined as the stage between first division of the zygote until formation of major organs and vertebrates

28
Q

fetus

A

an unborn vertebrate offspring after the embryonic stage until birth/hatching
fetus= 8th week after fert until conception

29
Q

conceptus

A

the entire products of conception from fert. onwards

30
Q

prenatal

A

Zygote Until Birth
early embryonic development
implantation
embryonic development
fetal development
parturition

31
Q

perinatal

A

The period immediately before and after birth
starts 20-28 week of gestation
ends 1-4 weeks after birth

32
Q

Goal of Embryogenesis and 4 steps

A

the fertilized ovum develop into an offspring
**a process of cellular growth and differentiation leading to formation of the embryo (strict timeline)
-development within the confines of ZP
-Hatching from the ZP
-Maternal Recognition of pregnancy
-Formation of the extraembryonic membranes

33
Q

Major Early Embryonic Development Events of Mammals

A

1) zygote: single celled embryo formed during fusion of male and female pronuclei
2) Cleavage day 1-2: process of cellular division (rapid, no significant growth in size, cell # keeps doubling in ZP)
3) Morula Formation day 3.5: solid ball of cells
4) Blastocyst Formation day 4-5 (16-64 cells)
5) Blastocyst Hatching (day 5-6)

34
Q

Morula Formation two distinct cell types

A

Outer Cells: For tight cell junctions
cell to cell adhesions
Inner Cells: form gap junctions
intercellular communication

35
Q

Blastocyst Formation

A

A large central cavity called blastocoele filled with fluid
in blastocyst two cell types become apparent- Trophoblast (CHORION) and Inner Cell Mass (EMBRYO)
Tight Junctions in outer cells allow regulation of permeability to ion
Active Sodium Pumps
(Sodium from outside to inside and water flow inside)

36
Q

Blastocyst Hatching

A

more than 64 cells
cell growth and fluid accumulation within blastocyst
Trophoblast produce proteolytic enzymes that degrade ZP
Mechanical (contraction and relaxation)

37
Q

Intrauterine Migration and Spacing

A

spacing between ebryos is essential for fetal survival in polytocous species

38
Q

Blastocyst Elongation

A

On day 11 of gestation in sheep and pig, day 13 in the cow, blastocyst start to undergo logarithmic elongation phase

39
Q

Major Early Embryonic Development Events of Mammals

A

Implantation
trophoblast differentiates into two distinct layers
inner cytotrophoblast
outer synchiotrophoblast

40
Q

Nuclear Transplantation (cloning)

A

adult cells into ootid
reestablish totoepotency

41
Q

Embryo Tranfer Procedure

A

slide 10 lecture 17

42
Q

Embryo Tranfer Advantages

A

-circumvention of seasonal repro
-enhanced generations of offspring in monotocous species
-assisted repro in infertile humans
-enhanced repro potential of endangered species
-enhanced genetic diversity across wide geographic region

43
Q

Maternal recognition of Pregnancy

A

Embryo enters uterus 2-5 days after ovulation
luteolysis must be prevented
progesterone must stay high
conceptus signals its presence to maternal body which enables pregnancy to continue

44
Q

Progesterone Hormone in Pregnancy

A

Assures Uterine quiescence
-Increases uterine secretory activity (histotroph for nutrition)
-causes solidification of cervical mucus

45
Q

Progesterone major source

A

CL is major placenta also makes some later
CL is rescued from luteolysis - conceptus plays active part in rescue

46
Q

Complete Uterectomy

A

CL lifespan prolonged about 9 months

47
Q

Partial Uterectomy

A

Ipsilateral (same side of CL)
lifespan about twice as long
contralateral (opp side of CL) very little change

48
Q

Major Luteolytic Hormone

A

PGF2a pulsatile secretion
-dependent on oxytocin receptors on endometrium cells
produced by endometrium

49
Q

Chemical Message results in maintenance of CL

A

prevents OGF2a production
prevents PGF2a release
blocks luteolytic efffects of pgf2a at CL

50
Q

Signals are Species specific

A

IFN-t in ruminants (SLIDE 5 LECTURE 18)
E2 in Swine
CG in humans

51
Q

aternal preg recognition in sow

A

–Estrogen from Conceptus
pgf2a secreted in uterus exocrine not endo
increased estrogen incresses conytractions
–Prolactin Receptors in uterus
alters ionic flux

52
Q

Mare maternal Recognition
Primates and ruminants on slide 7

A

spherical conceptus
must make extensive contact with endometrial surface
conceptus produces protein for recognition

53
Q

Extraembryonic Membranes

A

Yolk Sac: early nutrient supply for early embryo

Chorion: attaches to uterus, absorbs nutrients from uterus, and allows gas exchange

Allantois: carries blood vessels of placenta, reservoir for nutrients and waste. Umbilical cord attaches fetus to allantois

Amnion: Protects fetus from injury, provides lubrication for for parturition, reservoir for urine+waste (ANSW to class question- is filled with fluid and hydraulically protects fetus)

Allantochorion: Allantois fuses with with chorion, fetal contribution to the placenta

54
Q

Prganncy advantages of Eutherian over oviparous mammals

A

adequate nutrients and protection
Placenta: Organ of metabolic interchange and endocrine organ
Parturition: Giving Birth to young

55
Q

final prepartum steps of reproduction

A

1) placenta formation
2) endocrine function of placenta
3) parturition initiation

56
Q

Placenta

A

transient organ between conceptus and dam
develips in uterus, active metabolic organ
Chorionic Villi are the funstional units of placenta: finger like projections that protrude from chorion to uterine endometrium

57
Q

2 PLacenta Classifications

A

gross shape of placenta and chorionic villi distribution

of tissue layers separating maternal and fetal vascular systems

Interstitial and eccentric= discoid type centric= the other types SLIDE 13!!

58
Q

neutrophils

A

within 6-12 hours after insemination large migratin]on of neutrophils from uterine mucosa into uterine lumen
attacks foreign materials
sperm (alive and dead)
microorganisms introduced during copulation
Important contributor to post insemination loss and prevention repro tract infection

ACBS Reproductive (9 decks)

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