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ACBS Reproductive > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Estrus

A

(noun) AKA. Heat- period of sexual receptivity

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2
Q

Estrous Cycle

A

Period from start of estrus to next estrus
Proestrus
Estrus
ovulation between
Metestrus
Diestrus

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3
Q

3 Cyclicity Types

A

Polyestrus, Monoestrus, Seasonal Polyestrus

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4
Q

Estrus

A

2-5 days

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5
Q

Proestrus

A

2-5 days
Progesterone to Estradiol (controlled by LH and FSH)
CL regresses
prep for estrus and mating

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6
Q

Metestrus

A

Luteinization
P4 and E2 low
ovulated follicle becomes CL

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7
Q

Luteinization

A

Newly ovulated follicle remodels and forms CL

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8
Q

Polyestrus

A

In cattle/swine, a cycle throughout the year

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9
Q

Monoestrus

A

In dogs/bear, single estrous cycle per year

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10
Q

Seasonal Polyestrus

A

In sheep/mare, a cycle only during specific seasons

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11
Q

Two Major Phases of Estrous Cycle

A

Follic (20%)
Luteal (80%)

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12
Q

Follicular Phase made up of

A

Proestrus and Estrus

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13
Q

Proestrus beginning and end

A

It begins at the luteolysis and ends at estrus

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14
Q

What does Proestrus do?

A

Pre-ov follicles form

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15
Q

Estrus

A

Starts at proestrus and ends at ovulation
The period of sexual receptivity, controlled by estradiol from pre-ovulatory follicles

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16
Q

Standing Estrus

A

Time when female will accept male
Usually Lordosis to accept sex

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17
Q

Anestrus Cause
True Vs. Apparent

A

Insufficient GnRH secretion

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18
Q

Two Causes and Types of Anestrus

A

Gestation and Season

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19
Q

Gestational Anestrus

A

P4 from CL/Placenta inhibits GnRH (- feedback)
Prevents follicle development without FSH and LH
Before birth P4 declines rapidly and E2 increases

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20
Q

Postpartum Anestrus

A

Allows uterine repair
Infection Prevention

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21
Q

Lactational Anestrus

A

Suckling<2 a day means LH pulses will increase again and cyclicity begins
Suckling>2 = no period

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22
Q

Seasonal

A

Birth at optimal time of the year
Long day vs short day breeders

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23
Q

Long Day

A

Summer Cycling
Mare
RFRP-3 stimulates kisspeptin which increases GnRH

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24
Q

Short Day

A

Winter Cycling
Ewe
RFRP-3 inhibits Kisspeptin neurons which decreases GnRH

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25
Q

Silent Anestrus

A

Cow/Ewe
1st Ovulation not accompanied by behavioral estrus bc behavior P4 is needed before E2
P4 primes brain for E2 sensitivity
2nd Estrus=behavior

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26
Q

4 Major Processes of Follic Phase leading to LH surge

A
  1. Elevated gonadotropin release
  2. Follicular growth
  3. Sexual receptivity
  4. Ovulation
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27
Q

Parts of Tonic Center

A

Ventromedial Nucleus
Arcuate Nucleus

28
Q

Parts of Surge Center

A

Preoptic Nucleus
Anterior Hypothal area
superchiasmatic nucleus

29
Q

Basal Secretion

A

GnRH secretion looks spontaneous but is inhibited by P4

30
Q

Espisodic Seceretion

A

GnRH secretion from surge center controlled by E2 increase and P4 decrease

31
Q

Recruitment (Emergence)

A

Low LH, Inhibin, and E2
High FSH
Small Follicles

32
Q

Selection

A

Low FSH
Moderate LH
Low Inhibin
Medium Follicles

33
Q

Dominance

A

Low FSH
High LH and Inhibin
Large Follicles

34
Q

E2 And Inhibin Increase

A

Follic Phase
Suppresses FSH

35
Q

LH Pulse Frequency in Estrus Cycle

A

Low in Met and Diestrus
After Luteolysis, P4 decreases and more GnRH
frequent pulses drive follic development

36
Q

FSH and LH Follicular Dominance

A

Recuited and Early Selected follicles are FSH dependent
Larger Selected and Dominant follicles are LH
Follicles with high LH receptors become pre-ovulatory follicles

37
Q

Atresia of Follicles

A

Insufficient LH receptors on Gran. Cells
LH stims final growth and maturtiy

38
Q

Estrogen Synthesis
2 Cell- 2 Gonadatropin Model

A
  1. Elevated gonadotropin release
  2. Follicular growth
  3. Sexual receptivity
  4. Ovulation
39
Q

What are the six effects of estradiol on female reproductive tract?

A

IGLU
1. Increases blood flow, mucosal secretion, myometrial tone
2. Genital swelling
3. Leukocytosis
4. Uterine gland growth

40
Q

LH and FSH with which cell type thingy

A

LH = Theca Interna
FSH = Gran Cells

41
Q

What do Growing follicles produce?

A

Inhibin (which inhibits FSH)
AT the beginning FSH is needed for recruitment and then slowly switches to LH

42
Q

Cascade of events from LH surge

A

-Preov. LH surge
-Elevated Blood flow to dominant follicle (Histamine and PGE2)
-Swollen Theca Interna (facilitates ovulation rupture)
-Theca Interna of the dominant follicle produces P4 before ovulation to stimulate collagenase
-Follicle Volume increases and TA weakens
-Apex (stigma) of follicle pushes out

43
Q

Hyperemia for follicle

A

caused by histamine and prostoglandin E2 (PGE2)

provides follicle with hormonal and metabolic nutrients for final maturation

increases pressure in follicle which aids in rupature of follicle

44
Q

Collagenase Synthesis

A
45
Q

Prostaglandin types in Ovulation (2)

A

PGF2A and PGE2

46
Q

PGF2A

A

smooth muscle contractions (force stigma protrusion)
Lysosome rupture in gran. cells (degrade TA for stigma)

47
Q

PGE2

A

increase blood flow for follicle
remodels CL after ovulation
Activates plasminogen, helps degrade CL

48
Q

Protease

A

enzyme that breaks down proteins
facilitates follicular rupture

49
Q

Types of Ovulators

A

Spontaneous
Induced (reflex)

50
Q

Spontaneous Ovulators

A

Cow Mare Human
ovulates with regular frequency
stimulated solely by hormones

51
Q

Induced Ovulators

A

Cat
neural or physical stimulation
long copulation time or high copulation frequency

52
Q

Camelids

A

Modified Induced Ovulators
recognizes seminal plasma not just sex
“Ovulating Inducing Factor”

53
Q

Ovulation Summary (must haves)

A

LH Receptors form on Gran. Cells
Threshold of Estradiol
LH Preov surge
Shift from E2 to P4 in dom. follicle
PGE2 and PGF2A elevated in blood stream

54
Q

Hormonally Induced Ovulation

A

-Premature Luteolysis with PGF2a
-Increase GnRH . . .

55
Q

Superovulation

A

INCREASE #EGGS MATURE
inject gonadatropins which cause more follicles to be recruited and selected for dominance
Also ecg which give higher than normal FSH which will help recuitment and selection

56
Q

4 Phases of Oocyte Maturation

A

-Prenatal Division of Primordial Germ Cells
-Nuclear Arrest
-Cytoplasmic Growth
-Resumption of Meiosis

57
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Oocyte is responsible for its creation
Secondary Follicular Phase
Barrier for diffusion of materials needed for growth

58
Q

Junctional Complexes form between close follicular Cells

A

Gap Junctions= oocyte’s gran cells communication

59
Q

Oocyte Growth

A

Mediated by Gran Cells
size increases 50X

60
Q

Final Maturation/Dominance Phase

A

Oocyte resumes meiosis
After LH surge gap junctions deteriorate which removes meitoic inhibitors (cAMP)
OMI removed (??)oocyte meiotic inhibitor

61
Q

Resumption of Meiosis near time of ovulation

A
62
Q

Menopause

A

Loss of E2 > depletion of follicles
Hormones Decrease: AMH, Inhibin, E2, Test., P4
Higher risk of cardio disease because E2 protected from that
FSH and LH increase

63
Q

Reproduction Assistance
(2 types)

A

Ivm/IVF and ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection)

64
Q

IVM

A

Eggs extracted and mature in petri dish
no hormones and avoids OHSS

65
Q

IVF

A

Egg Maturation Induced in Mother’s Body
Requires Hormones

66
Q

IVF Success

A

Fertilization Ratio
Cleavage Ratio
Blastocyst Ratio
Morula Ratio
Pregnancy Ratio

ACBS Reproductive (9 decks)

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