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ACBS Reproductive > Chapter 4- Ebryo > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Ebryo Flashcards

1
Q

Totipotency

A

A single cell can differentiate into any and all cell types in an organism. (Zygote)

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2
Q

Pluripotency

A

A single cell can differentiate into many cell types (Inner Cell Mass)

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3
Q

Multipotency

A

Single cell gives rise to other types of cell but is limited in its ability to differentiate (Adult Stem Cell)

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4
Q

Unipotency

A

A cell can differentiate along only one lineage (sperm stem cells)

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5
Q

Differentiation

A

Less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell (Morphology, structure, function, metabolism, response to signals) Usually considered terminal and irreversible.

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6
Q

Embryogenesis

A

Process of cellular Growth and Differentiation that leads to development of embryo.
sequence of critical events in the formation of embryo.
1) Fertilization
2) Cleavage
3)Monula
4)Blastocyst
3) Blastocyst Hatching

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7
Q

Primary Embryonic Germ Layers

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm

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8
Q

Endoderm

A

-Digestive System
-Lungs
-Endocrine System
-Liver and Pancreas

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9
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscle, skeleton, cardiovascular, repro system
Uterus, cervix, vagina, gonads, accessory sex glands, epididymus, ductus deferens

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10
Q

Ectoderm

A

Nervous System
Skin
Repro Tract
Hypothalamus, pituitary lobes, skin and hair and nails, sweat glands, Oral+nasal cavity, penis and clit, vagina

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11
Q

Blastocoelle

A

fluid-filled cleavage cavity that keeps cells in place as they differentiate

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12
Q

Trophoblast

A

A layer of tissue on the outside of a mammalian blastula, supplying the embryo with nourishment and later forming the major part of the placenta.

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13
Q

Endocrine System

A

network of glands for hormone secretion.
-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary Gland
-Thyroid Gland
-Adrenal Glands
-Pineal Gland
-Gonads
-Adipose

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

(Brain component of endocrine)
Links endocrine and nervous systems
Drives endocrine system

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15
Q

Pituitary

A

-Master Regulator of growth, development, and reproduction.
-Made up of Posterior Lobe and Anterior Lobe
-Produced by Hypothalamus

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16
Q

Gonad

A

(Testes or Ovaries)
-Produce gonadal steroids that affect growth and development
-regulates repro cycle and dvpmt

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17
Q

Thyroid

A

Regulates Metabolism
Critical to healthy environment and maturation of cells

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18
Q

Pineal

A

Produces Melatonin

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19
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

-Hormones produced in response to stress
- Regulate Blood Pressure, salt water balance, and glucose metabolism

20
Q

Adipose

A

(fat tissue that is also an endocrine ‘organ’)
Produces
-Leptin: cardiovascular disease
-Adiponectin: cardiovasc protective

21
Q

Posterior Lobe

A

Secretes hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Originates from neural tissue

22
Q

Anterior Lobe

A

Produces its own hormones and acts on other endocrine glands. Originates from the roof of the mouth (stomadeal ectoderm)

23
Q

Kinnefelter’s Syndrome

A

XXY-
no inactivation of x chromsome
sterile
testicular hypoplasia

24
Q

Turners Syndrome

A

XO- Sterile due to lack of ovarian development

25
Q

Male Gonad Produces

A

Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone, Testosterone, and DHT

26
Q

DHT

A

contributes to the development of sexual structures and characteristics in people assigned male at birth.

26
Q

MIH

A

Mullerian Inhibitor

27
Q

Testosterone

A
28
Q

Cryptorchidism

A
29
Q

4 Determinants of Sex

A

1) Chromosomal (Genetic Sex)
XX or XY
2) Gonadal Sex
Testes or Ovaries
3) Phenotypic Sex
Fat Deposition, Voice, Hair Patterns
4) Behavioral Sex
Sex of Brain/ Psychology

30
Q

Trans-DIfferentiation

A

one mature somatic cell transforms into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate state

31
Q

Embryo

A

earliest stage of development
-stage between first divsion of zygote until major formation of orans/systems in vertebrates

32
Q

Fetus

A

unborn vertebrate offspring until birth. 8 weeks after fert until birth

33
Q

Conceptus

A

entire product of conception from fertilization and its membranes

34
Q

Prenatal Development

A

1) germinal dvpmt
fert to 2 weeks
2) Embryonic dvpmt
major organ system forming, organogenesis
3) Fetal dvpmt
organogenesis until birth (end of 8 weeks to 40 weeks)
4) Parturition
delivering conceptus (39-40 weeks)

35
Q

Perinatal Development

A

Period immediately before and after birth

36
Q

Pituitary Hormones

A

ACTH
FSH
LH
TSH

37
Q

Anterior Pituitary Target Tissues + Hormones

A

Bones, Muscles, and organs (growth hormone)
breasts (prolactin)
Ovaries, Testes (LH and FSH)
Adrenal Cortex (ACTH)
Thyroid Gland (TSH)

38
Q

Posterior Pituitary Target Tissues and Hormones

A

Kidneys (ADH)
Breasts and Uterus (Oxytocin)

39
Q

Sella Turcica

A

bony surface on sphenoid bone, wraps around anterior and posterior pituitary

40
Q

GSD (Genotypic Sex determination)

A

Y chromosome induces testis differentiation
Birds+Some Reptiles
W Chrom. induces ovary differentiation
male: ZZ Female: ZW

41
Q

TSD (Temp. Dependent Sex determination)

A

sex determined by temperature, steroids
Certain temps can reverse genotypic sex of an embryo

42
Q

Bipotential Gonad

A

Both repro systems use the same duct system
Both develop from several common elements
located on genital ridge

43
Q

Embryo and the Renal system (mesanephros . . .etc.)

A

1) Mesonephros (initial kidney)
2) paramesonephric ducts
develop and metanephros start developing kidneys
3)

44
Q

Meso and parameso (male and female)

A

Male
mesonephric tubules- efferent ducts
mesonephric ducts- epididymus and ductus deferens
—paramesno ducts will disappear
Female
Paramesno ducts (mullerian ducts)- oviducts, cervix, uterus, vagina

ACBS Reproductive (9 decks)

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