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ACBS Reproductive > Lecture 5 neuro > Flashcards

Lecture 5 neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance released by nerve fiber ending and by diffusing across junction, causes the transfer of impulse to another nerve/fiber/structure.

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2
Q

Hormone

A

signalling molecule in multicellular organisms, are transported to distant organs to regulate physio and behavior

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3
Q

Endocrine System

A

network of glands and hormone secretions

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4
Q

Neurohormone

A

produced by neurons released directly in blood
response in target tissue

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5
Q

Release Hormone

A

synthesized by neurons in hypothalamus, causes release of hormones in AP

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6
Q

Gonadotropin

A

One of the hormones secreted by AP (FSH LH)

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7
Q

Hormone Half-Life

A

Time required for half of hormone to disappear from blood/body

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8
Q

Two types of hormone secretion stimulation

A

neural (simple neural reflex)
endocrine (neuralendocrine reflex)

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9
Q

Simple Neural Reflex

A

releases neuraltransmitters directly into target tissue

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10
Q

neuralendocrine

A

requires neurhormone to work as a messenger between secretory and target

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11
Q

Endocrine Regulation Source

A

Gland
synthesis/secretion
act in small quantities and have short half lives

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12
Q

Endocrine Regulation Distribution

A

Blood Stream
Dilution Importance
example of non target organ is metabolism

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13
Q

Endocrine Regulation Target Cells

A

Responsiveness depends on:
receptor #
downstream pathways
other ligands
metabolism of ligand

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14
Q

Estradiol (E2)

A

-produced by dominant ovarian follicle
-maintain oocytes and stim follicle development in ovary

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15
Q

Progesterone

A

-Secreted by CL
-Sex hormone regulate mesntrual cycle, preg, and embryogenesis

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16
Q

Relative Hormone Concentration Graph

A

P4 and E2 are opposite rise and fall
proestrus, estrus, ovulation, metestrus, diestrus

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17
Q

Simple Neural Reflex Stimulus

A

thermal, tactile, visual

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18
Q

Afferent vs Efferent Neurons

A

efferent= signal to muscles

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Neural control center for repro hormones
PVN- paraventriculuar nucleus
Tonic Center
Surge Center

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20
Q

neurons

A

-fast response
-innervate target tissue
-high localized concentration

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21
Q

endocrine

A

-slower
-remote tissue location
-responsive at low hormone concentrations
-long lasting with continuous hormone production

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22
Q

Hypohphalamic Hyposeal Portal system

A

Release GnRH to cells of AL and the AL releases the hormones

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23
Q

Hypothalamic Posterior Pituitary

A

No Portal system
Neurohormones deposited directly in posterior lobe of pituitary
Directly to blood in PL

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24
Q

AL Hormones

A

FSH, LH, Prolactin

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25
Q

PL Hormones

A

Oxytocin

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26
Q

Uterus Hormones

A

PGF2A

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27
Q

Placenta

A

CG (chorionic gonadatropins)
progesterone and Estrogen

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28
Q

Gonads

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Activin
Inhibin
Prostaglandis

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29
Q

Sexual Promotion

A

Secreted by gonads to stimulate:
repro tract
hypothal
AP)

30
Q

Pregnancy Maintenance

A

CG-recognition of pregnancy
Placental Lactogen (promote mammary gland)

31
Q

Luteolysis

A

Destruction of CL (PGf2A)

32
Q

Peptide #

A

neuropeptide
oxytocin- octapeptide
GnRH- decapeptide

33
Q

Protein

A

Long Folded Peptide
Prolactin

34
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Peptide+carbs
amount of carb determines 1/2 life
complex and high weight
>1 peptide chain
FSH, LH, actviin, inhibin, CG

35
Q

Steroids

A

4 Rings, from cholestrol
progesterone
testosterone
5a-DHT
estrogen

36
Q

Prostaglandins

A

PGF2 and PGE2
PGF2- lowers BP, maintains CL
PGE2 increases BP and degrades CL
In uterus, seminal plasma, 20 carbon fatty acid
labor induction
abortion
postpartum bleeding

37
Q

Pheromones

A

outside body secretion
opposite sex notice
in heat animals

38
Q

Hormone Receptor Parts

A

Extracellular Domain
transmembrane domain
intracellular domain

39
Q

Steroid Hormone Receptor Actions

A

1) steroid transport in blood
2) Move through cell membrane and cytoplasm
3) Bind to Nuclear Receptors
4) Initiation of mRNA transcription

40
Q

How long hormone effect lasts depends on

A

metabolism

41
Q

+ vs - feedback

A

+ stimulates GnRH nuerons
- Inhibits GnRH neurons

42
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target

43
Q

Episodic

A

neurhormone
high secretion spikes

44
Q

Basal

A

Low constant secretion

45
Q

Sustained

A

consistent
steady long period
progesterone

46
Q

Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone

A

Released from nuclei
Portal Vessels > AP > AP Hormones
Do not go into portal seal system

47
Q

Hypothalamus Neurohormone

A

Released directly into blood in PL
Enters generalized circulation (portal system)
oxytocin

48
Q

Ovulation Cycle

A

Follicular Phase, Midcycle, Luteal, Follicular (slide 7)

49
Q

Follicular Phase

A

Increase GnRH secretion
LH inc FSH decr

50
Q

Luteal Phase

A

lower GnRH secretion
LH decr FSH incr

51
Q

GnRH neuropeptide pulsation

A
52
Q

Steroids

A

metabolized in liver (inactive)

53
Q

Protein Hormones

A

Degraded in liver and kidney

54
Q

Blood Concentration of Hormone

A

Secreted Hormone - metabolized hormone

55
Q

Prostaglandin F2a control of Luteolysis

A

ANIMALS
produced in uterine myometrium, helps CL digression
HUMANS
PGF2a produced in CL, removing uterus has no affect

56
Q

Steroid metabolism

A

conjugated in liver
-glucuronidation
-sulfation

57
Q

Receptor Density

A

Target Tissue
- cell type
-up/down regulation
- animal condition and nutrition

58
Q

Agonist

A

Binds to and activates the receptor for biological response

59
Q

Antagonist

A

Blocks agonist action

60
Q

Inverse Agonist

A

Causes action opposite of the agonist

61
Q

Hypogonadism

A

reduction or no hormone secretion from gonads
-menopause
-andropause

62
Q

Hormones can be detected in

A

Blood, urine, saliva, sweat, tears
RIA or ELISA

63
Q

ELISA Types

A

Direct, Indirect, Sandwich, Competitive

64
Q

Tonic Center

A

sensitive to negative feedback from steroid hormones

65
Q

Surge Center

A

sensitive to positive feedback from estradiol
responsible for LH surge
lost in embryogenesis for males due to testosterone

66
Q

aFP

A

-made in embryo yoke
-fetal blood osmotic reg and carrier of fatty acids
–binds with ESTARDIOL NOT testosterone

67
Q

Loss of Surge Center

A

testosterone crosses blood-brain barrier
converted to estradiol via aramotase
exposure to estradiol blocks surge dvpmt

68
Q

Ultradian Rhythm

A

recurrent period more than once 24 Hrs
LH

69
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

one cycle in 24 hours (MALE)
testosterone

70
Q

Infradian Rhythm

A

periods longer than 1 day (menstrual cycle)
LH

71
Q

GnRH neurons are metabolically regulated

A

Leptin (responsive/kisspeptin neurons)
Blood Glucose
Blood Fatty Acid

72
Q

Leptin

A

hormone secreted by fat
mutation of leptin=diabetes bc appetite up
also required for puberty- need enough fat
leptin injection incr LH pulse frequency

ACBS Reproductive (9 decks)

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