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BSI Test 2 > Lectures 14 and 15 > Flashcards

Lectures 14 and 15 Flashcards

1
Q

when AV valves are open, most blood returning to atria pass right through to the ______ (60-90% of blood)

A

ventricles (this is a function of the atria)

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2
Q

when atria do ______, they push more blood into ventricles (10-40%)

A

contract (this is a function of atria)

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3
Q

atria function to enhance the amount of ______ in ventricles, which enhances ventricular pumping

A

blood (this is a function of atria)

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4
Q

yes or no? the heart can function without atrial contraction

A

yes (this is a function of atria)

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5
Q

what is the function of the ventricles?

A

pump blood through pulmonary circulation (right) and systemic circulation (left)

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6
Q

valves ____ and _____ passively

A

open; close (this is a function of valves)

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7
Q

forward pressure gradient ____ valves

A

open (this is a function of valves)

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8
Q

backward pressure gradient _____ valves

A

closes (this is a function of valves)

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9
Q

papillary muscle of AV valves prevent _____ from protruding into as ventricles contract

A

cusps (this is a function of valves)

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10
Q

damage to chordae tendinae or papillary muscle results in _______ flow of blood as ventricles contract and could be lethal

A

backward (this is a function of valves)

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11
Q

yes or no? semilunar valves have chordae tendinae or papillary muscle

A

no

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12
Q

the cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events (electrical and mechanical) occurring in the heart during a ______

A

single beat

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13
Q
  1. atrial contraction
  2. isovolumetric contraction
  3. ejection
  4. isovolumetric contraction
  5. ventricular filling
A

phases of the cardiac cycle

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14
Q

AV valve is open; atrium pumps blood into ventricle

A

atrial contraction

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15
Q

ventricle begins to contract-once pressure in ventricle exceed that of atrium, the AV valve will close

A

period of isovolumetric contraction

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16
Q

the period of contraction while the AV valve and semilunar valve are closed

A

isovolumetic contraction phase

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17
Q

once the pressure in the ventricle exceeds that of the aorta (arterial pressure) then the semilunar valve will open (leading to the ejection phase)

A

isovolumetric contraction

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18
Q

as ventricular pressure rises above arterial pressure, semilunar valve opens and blood is ejected out of ventricles

A

period of ejection

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19
Q

ventricle begins to relax; pressure begins to drop within ventricle

A

period of isovolumetric relaxation

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20
Q

as pressure drops below arterial pressure, semilunar valve closes

A

period of isovolumetric relaxation

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21
Q

period of relaxation while both valves (AV and semilunar valves) are closed

A

isovolumetric relaxation phase

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22
Q

ventricle continues to relax and eventually the pressure drops below that of atrium and therefore the AV valve opens (leading to the ventricular filling phase)

A

isovolumetric relaxation phase

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23
Q

passive filling of ventricle

A

ventricular filling

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24
Q

contraction phase of cardiac cycle

A

systole

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25
Q

relaxation phase of cardiac cycle

A

diastole

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26
Q

the pressure in the systemic arteries (aorta) while the left ventricle is contraction and ejecting blood

A

systolic blood pressure

27
Q

the pressure in the systemic arteries (aorta) while the left ventricle is relaxing and not ejecting blood

A

diastolic blood pressure

28
Q

the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole; the amount of blood in the ventricle before it contracts

A

end diastolic volume (EDV)

29
Q

venous return is an important determinant of ____

A

end diastolic volume (EDV)

30
Q

the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole

A

end systolic volume (ESV)

31
Q

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction; determined by preload, afterload, and contractility

A

stroke volume (SV)

32
Q

the fraction of EDV that was pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction

A

ejection fraction

SV/EDV X100= EF

33
Q

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute

A 
cardiac output (CO, Q)
CO= HR X SV
34
Q

the amount of blood returned to the heart

A

venous return

35
Q

the pressure stretching the chamber of the heart before it contracts

A

preload

36
Q

_____ is determined primarily by EDV

A

preload

37
Q

as the muscle stretches, the stretching induces length-dependent activation of the contractile apparatus leading to greater strength of contraction. in other words, ______ is the stretched state of the ventricle before it contracts; the greater the stretch, the greater the ______….so when it contracts it will contract with greater force

A

preload; preload

38
Q

the pressure that the chamber of the heart has to overcome in order to eject blood

A

afterload

39
Q

_______ pressure is an important determinant of the afterload of the left ventricle

A

aortic

40
Q

______ pressure is an important determinant of the afterload of the right ventricle

A

pulmonary

41
Q

as ______ pressure increases, the ______ of the left ventricle increases

A

aortic; afterload

42
Q

the intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle to produce tension, independent of fiber (sarcomere) length

A

contractility (inotropy)

43
Q

a change in the _____ of contraction at a constant end-diastolic fiber length reflects a change in contractility

A

force

44
Q

intracellular ______ concentration is an important determinant of contractility

A

calcium

45
Q

anything that stimulates an increase in intracellular calcium concentration in cardiomyocytes will ______ contractility

A

increase

46
Q

an increase in preload or an increase in contractility will each ________ the strength of contraction

A

increase

47
Q

affecting heart rate

A

chronotropic effect

48
Q

affecting contractility

A

inotropic effect

49
Q

the work that the heart is able to perform beyond that is required of it under basal/resting conditions (300-400%)

A

cardiac reserve

50
Q

an indirect index of myocardial oxygen consumption (how hard the ventricle is working)

A

pressure-rate product or double product

HR X SPB (or MAP)

51
Q

what kind of sound does the heart make?

A

lub-dub (S1 and S2)

52
Q

S1 or S2? closing of AV valves

A

S1

53
Q

S1 or S2? closing of semilunar valves

A

S2

54
Q

presence of S3 and/or S4 may be indicative of an ________

A

abnormality

55
Q

S3 or S4? vibrations during rapid phase of ventricular filling

A

S3

56
Q

_____ is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by inrushing blood from the atria (increased volume of blood within the ventricle; may be associated with ventricular dilation)

A

S3

57
Q

S3 or S4? may be heard during atrial contraction

A

S4

58
Q

S3 or S4? may be heard when atrial pressure is high or ventricle is stiff (ex: ____ may be heard if there is ventricular hypertrophy; hypertrophy causes stiffening of the ventricle)

A

S4

59
Q

T or F? the mitral valve opens due to contraction, and corresponding pressure rise, of the atrium?

A

false

60
Q

how would aortic stenosis affect afterload?

A

increase it

61
Q

what effect does increased afterload have on SV?

A

decrease it

62
Q

how will an increase in afterload affect ESV?

A

increase it

63
Q

Yes or No? in order to increase contractility, does there have to be an increase in EDV?

A

no

BSI Test 2 (12 decks)

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