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BSI Test 2 > Lecture 28 > Flashcards

Lecture 28 Flashcards

1
Q

cause of mitral valve prolaps (MVP)

A

cause unknown in most patients. it is most often caused by myxomatous degeneration of valve leaflets. can be a genetic collagen disorder

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2
Q

long, thin extremities, dislocation of lenses and aortic aneurysm

A

marfan’s syndrome

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3
Q

MVP can occur as a result of:

A
  1. acute rheumatic fever
  2. ischemic heart disease
  3. various cardiomyopathies
  4. atrial septal defect
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4
Q

autoimmune disease resulting from streptococcus infection

A

acute rheumatic fever

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5
Q

not enough blood and oxygen supplied to the myocardium

A

ischemic heart disease

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6
Q

weakening of heart muscle or other functional problem

A

various cardiomyopathies

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7
Q

congenital opening between upper chambers of the heart

A

atrial septal defect

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8
Q

MVP can be mild or severe. it sometimes also leads to serious problems. these can include:

A
  1. mitral regurgitation
  2. endocarditis
  3. heart rhythm problems
  4. transient ischemic attack (TIA)
  5. stroke
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9
Q

usually causes no symptoms until it is severe

A

mitral regurgitation

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10
Q

heart valve gets infected

A

endocarditis

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11
Q

tachycardia- rarely a heart rhythm problem can cause sudden death, which when the heart suddenly stops beating

A

heart rhythm problems

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12
Q

similar to a stroke but the brain isn’t damaged

A

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

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13
Q

many people with MVP have no______

A

symptoms

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14
Q

some people experience symptoms such as:

A

chest pain, tachycardia, fainting or dizziness, palpitations, orthopnea

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15
Q

test used most often to check for MVP

A

echocardiogram

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16
Q

is MVP curable?

A

no

17
Q

Medications that can be used to alleviate mild symptoms of MVP

A
  1. vasodilators
  2. digoxin
  3. anti-arrhythmic agents
  4. blood thinners
18
Q

widen the blood vessels to decrease the amount of force and effort that the heart has to endure

A

vasodilators

19
Q

use to strengthen the heart muscles for a stronger heart beat

A

digoxin

20
Q

can be used to regulate heart rhythms

A

anti-arrhythmic agents

21
Q

used to prevent blood clots from forming that can worsen the problem

A

blood thiners

22
Q

more common in ______ between the ages of 15 and 30 years old and is usually benign

A

women

23
Q

more severe cases are observed in older (>50) patients (often ______) and requires surgical treatment

A

men

24
Q

there is an increased familial incidence for some patients, suggesting an autosomal form of ______________

A

inheritance

25
Q

surgery is considered if _______ is severe and the valve is repaired or replaced

A

leakage

26
Q

condition where decreased blood flow causes decreased tissue perfusion and O2 delivery

A

circulatory shock

27
Q

caused by myocardial impairment (MI, congestive HF)

A

cardiogenic shock

28
Q

loss of vasomotor tone, which leads to venous pooling (deep general anesthesia, spinal cord injury)

A

neurogenic shock

29
Q

increased filtration across capillary walls, which leads to decreased circulating blood volume

A

septic/anaphylactic shock

30
Q

obstruction anywhere in circulatory system that can cause a local decrease in blood flow

A

mechanical obstruction to blood flow

31
Q

circulating blood volume decreased because of whole blood loss

A

hypovolemic shock

32
Q

what causes hypovolemic shock?

A
  1. hemorrhage
  2. surgery
  3. burns
  4. trauma
  5. fluid loss associated with vomiting/diarrhea
33
Q

signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock

A
  1. thirst, nausea, anxiousness, weakness, light-headedness, dizziness
  2. low urine output and ark yellow urine
  3. increased HR and respiratory rate
  4. low or normal body temp
  5. decreased bicarbonate and pH (acidosis)
  6. mental status change or unconsciousness
  7. organ failure or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
34
Q

what is the pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock?

A

circulatory function over time

35
Q

compensatory mechanisms of hypovolemic shock

A

baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, norepineprhine, angiotensin II

36
Q

treatment for hypovolemic shock

A
  1. fluid replacement
  2. maintain hemoglobin
  3. vasopressor therapy (dopamine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, vasopressin)

BSI Test 2 (12 decks)

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