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BSI Test 2 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

1
Q

the percentage of cardiac output going to various organs/regions is not equal and can ______ minute to minute depending on conditions.

A

change

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2
Q

the percentages of blood flow distribution are the percentage of _____ which is flowing to each organ

A

CO (carbon monoxide)

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3
Q

at rest, the CO is ___ L/min

A

5

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4
Q

when exercising, CO is ____ L/min

A

25

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5
Q

active tissue can require up to _____times increase in blood flow

A

20

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6
Q

cardiac output only increases ~___times, therefore changes in microcirculation must take place to increase blood flow to the active tissue even more

A

6

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7
Q

if blood flow exceed the need of the tissue, regulatory mechanisms will _______ blood flow

A

decrease

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8
Q

______ muscle in small arteries and arterioles can be stimulated to contract or relax via nervous signals, hormonal stimuli, stretch, and changes in chemical environment (doesn’t require an action potential to stimulate contraction like skeletal muscle does)

A

smooth

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9
Q

SNS or PNS? innervated blood vessels

A

SNS

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10
Q

SNS or PNS? does not innervate the majority of blood vessels but does regulate dilation of some blood vessels in specific areas of the body, such as genitals

A

PNS

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11
Q

generalized vasoconstriciton and venoconstriction due to stimulation of the _______ receptors

A

Alpha-1 adrenergic

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12
Q

the coronary and cerebral circulations have poor ____ vasoconstrictor innervation so are spares the vasoconstrictor effect

A

SNS

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13
Q

what are the primary controllers of coronary and cerebral blood flow since it isn’t the SNS?

A

local metabolism and release of vasodilator substaces

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14
Q

in few vascular beds, activation of the SNS can cause vasodilation via activation of ____ receptors

A

Beta-2

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15
Q

Activation of SNS (in vascular beds) leads to stimuation to __________ release from the adrenal glands

A

epinephrine

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16
Q

the epinephrine in turn binds to ______ receptors in few vascular beds causing vasodilation

A

Beta-2

17
Q

what regulates the blood flow of various tissues?

A

SNS, local chemical factors, and angiogenesis

18
Q

factors that are released from metabolically active or hypoxic tissues include:

A

adenosine, CO2, H+, K+, and lactate

19
Q

factors that are released from metabolically active or hypoxic tissues cause _______ of smooth muscle and _________ of small arteries and arterioles

A

relaxation; vasodilation

20
Q

endothelial cells release _______ in response to sheer stress from blood flow

A

nitric oxide (NO)

21
Q

where is nitric oxide produced from?

A

eNOS

22
Q

nitric oxide diffuses into smooth muscle in local area and causes smooth muscle __________ or _________

A

relaxation; vasodilation

23
Q

causes vasoconstriction

A

endothelin

24
Q

causes arteriole dilation and capillary permeability

A

bradykinin, prostaglandins, and histamine

25
Q

increase or decrease in number of blood vessels can occur

A

angiogenesis

26
Q

in response to chronic ischemia, tissues release ________ factors (VEGF, FGF, etc)

A

angiogenic

27
Q

oxygen demand _____ in working muscles (exercise)

A

increases

28
Q

blood flow to tissues ________ during exercise

A

increases

29
Q

________ consumption of tissues increase during exercise

A

oxygen (VO2)

30
Q

by what mechanism is blood flow increased to exercising muscles?

A

when you exercise, you activate the SNS which causes vasoconstriction (decreased blood flow) except to the heart and brain, contracting muscle starts releasing metabolites and act on smooth muscle to vasodilate, which increases blood flow

31
Q

by what mechanism is blood flow increased to the heart?

A

when the SNS is activated, it causes vasconstriction, and the heart starts beating really fast and starts released metabolites and causes vasodilation, just like in skeletal muscle

32
Q

why does SBP increase while exercising?

A

due to an increase in CO

33
Q

who does DPB decrease while exercising?

A

due to vasodilation in skeletal muscle vasculature

34
Q

what effect does exercise have on TPR?

A

decrease it

35
Q

by what mechanism did HR increase while exercising?

A

due to an increase in the SNS an decrease in the PNS

36
Q

by what mechanism did SV increase while exercising?

A

increase in the activation of SNS and decrease in PNS will increase strength of contraction. SNS will also increase venous contraction/venous return which will increase EDV. Strength of contraction, increase respiratory pump, and increase in venous pump also increase SV

37
Q

why does SV plateau?

A

it has to do with the limited filling of the ventricle. the higher the HR, the less time for filling and relaxation. if there is less time for filling, then there is less blood and it will affect EDV and therfore, will affect SV

38
Q

what is the primary determinant of EDV?

A

TPR

39
Q

what is the primary determinant of ESV?

A

CO (cardiac output)

BSI Test 2 (12 decks)

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