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BSI Test 2 > Lecture 27 > Flashcards

Lecture 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Term for when heart valves do not open fully and the passageway for blood flow is narrowed.

A

Stenosis

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2
Q

Sometimes, valves in the heart with stenosis do not close properly which allows blood to flow _____

A

Backwards (regurgitate)

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3
Q

Do stenotic heart valves work less or more than non-stenotic?

A

More- they have to work harder due to having to pump blood through a smaller opening

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4
Q

True or false? Stenosis cannot be present at birth, it is only age-related.

A

False - stenosis can be present at birth if valve leaflets or cusps are partially fused.

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5
Q

Most commonly, stenosis is an age-related condition in which _____ deposits build up in the valve tissue over time and lead to stiffening and poor function.

A

Calcium

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6
Q

True or false? Valve stenosis can occur in any of the four valves of the heart.

A

True

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7
Q

Valve stenosis is most common in which two valves?

A

Aortic and mitral.

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8
Q

Congenital, Calcification, and Rheumatic heart disease are the main three abnormalities of what condition?

A

Aortic stenosis

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9
Q

True or false? Calcification is the most common cause of aortic stenosis.

A

True

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10
Q

This is when the leaflets of the aortic valve are fused at birth and the usually tricuspid valve is now biscuspid causing turbulent flow and increased wear and tear.

A

Congential Aortic Stenosis

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11
Q

Most common cause of Aortic Stenosis (AS) in industrialized countries

A

Calcification of the Aortic valve

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12
Q

This type of AS shares features with vascular atherosclerosis, meaning it involves endothelial dysfunction, lipid accumulation, inflammatory cell activation, cytokine release and a regulated process of calcification.

A

Calcification of the aortic valve

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13
Q

This causes AS through untreated Group A streptococcal bacterial infection

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

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14
Q

Damage causes commissural fusion, sometimes resulting in a bicuspid valve, leading to fibrosis, calcification, and further narrowing causing obstruction of ventricular outflow of blood.

A

Rheumatic heart disease

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15
Q

This disease rarely attacks the aortic valve alone, it usually also affects the mitral valve to some extent and is common in developing countries.

A

Rheumatic heart disease

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16
Q

Symptoms for this condition include chest pain, syncope (fainting), and congestive heart failure

A

Aortic stenosis (AS)

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17
Q

This is as a result of increased systemic pressure and consequent hypertrophy of the left ventricle which can lead to pulmonary edema and heart failure symptoms of the disease

A

Congestive heart failure

18
Q

True or false? There is an effective medication therapy for aortic stenosis

A

False - there is no effective medication therapy for AS

19
Q

True or false? Medication therapy cannot relieve symptoms of AS

A

False - medication therapy can relieve symptoms but will not resolve the problem.

20
Q

Traditional Aortic Valve replacement, Percutaneous Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty (BAV) and TAVI or TAVR are surgical treatments for which condition?

A

Aortic stenosis

21
Q

True or false? BAV (Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty) is a permanent solution for AS.

A

False- it has a high restenosis rate (approx. 80%) within one year.

22
Q

Medical term for a heart attack

A

Myocardial infarction

23
Q

True or false? More men are affected by MI than women

A

True

24
Q

True or false? More men die from MI than women

A

False

25
Q

The necrosis of a region of the myocardium caused by an interruption in the supply of oxygenated blood.

A

MI

26
Q

What is the main cause of MI?

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

27
Q

CAD occurs when the coronary arteries become damaged and a waxy substance called ______ builds up in the arteries

A

Plaque

28
Q

Plaque buildup causes what condition?

A

Atherosclerosis

29
Q

True or false? ■ The section of the heart muscle that the blocked coronary artery supplies blood to becomes dead and is replaced with noncontractile scar tissue.

A

True

30
Q

This is the decrease in oxygen-rich blood supply caused by atherosclerosis

A

Ischemia

31
Q

________ is the major cause of mayocardial infarction and chest pain

A

Ischemia

32
Q

Hyperlipidemia, HTN, obesity, smoking, alcohol usse, excessive stress, family history and gender are all risk factors for what?

A

MI

33
Q

Increases the risk for coronary atherosclerosis because of high LDL levels

A

Hyperlipidemia

34
Q

Standard chest pain (most common), squeezing sensation, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, dizziness, breaking out into cold sweat, stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting - Are these symptoms of MI for a male or female

A

Male

35
Q

Unusual fatigue (most common), sleep disturbances, anxiety, light headedness, shortness of breath, gas-like pain in stomach, upper back or shoulder pain, jaw pain, pressure in center of chest that may spread to arm - Are these symptoms of MI for a male or female

A

Female- Are more likely to account their signs to the flu or menstruation (why more females die from MI)

36
Q

True or false? Angina is a precursor to myocardial necrosis.

A

False- angina is a relatively late event, occurring after at least 30 seconds of ischemia

37
Q

True or false? Patients with heart transplants always experience angina during an MI.

A

False. Heart transplant patients are typically asymptomatic due to the fact that they do not have sensory afferent fibers innervating the atrium and ventricle

38
Q

A release of ______ is said to be the cause of nerve stimulation. Pain is mediated by the sensory afferent fibers innervating the atrium and ventricle.

A

Adenosine

39
Q

Impulses converge in the ______ with other impulses causing chest wall, back, arm and jaw pain

A

Spinal cord

40
Q

Angina pectoris, N/V, tachycardia, SOB, fatiguw, clammy skin are all signs and symptoms of what?

A

MI

41
Q

Restoration of blood flow within 1 hour of onset of heart attack can prevent damage to the heart muscle. Is this primary or secondary treatment of an MI?

A

Primary

42
Q

Lifestyle changes, drug therapy, and surgery are examples of primary or secondary treatment of an MI?

A

Secondary

BSI Test 2 (12 decks)

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