Lecture 27 Flashcards
Term for when heart valves do not open fully and the passageway for blood flow is narrowed.
Stenosis
Sometimes, valves in the heart with stenosis do not close properly which allows blood to flow _____
Backwards (regurgitate)
Do stenotic heart valves work less or more than non-stenotic?
More- they have to work harder due to having to pump blood through a smaller opening
True or false? Stenosis cannot be present at birth, it is only age-related.
False - stenosis can be present at birth if valve leaflets or cusps are partially fused.
Most commonly, stenosis is an age-related condition in which _____ deposits build up in the valve tissue over time and lead to stiffening and poor function.
Calcium
True or false? Valve stenosis can occur in any of the four valves of the heart.
True
Valve stenosis is most common in which two valves?
Aortic and mitral.
Congenital, Calcification, and Rheumatic heart disease are the main three abnormalities of what condition?
Aortic stenosis
True or false? Calcification is the most common cause of aortic stenosis.
True
This is when the leaflets of the aortic valve are fused at birth and the usually tricuspid valve is now biscuspid causing turbulent flow and increased wear and tear.
Congential Aortic Stenosis
Most common cause of Aortic Stenosis (AS) in industrialized countries
Calcification of the Aortic valve
This type of AS shares features with vascular atherosclerosis, meaning it involves endothelial dysfunction, lipid accumulation, inflammatory cell activation, cytokine release and a regulated process of calcification.
Calcification of the aortic valve
This causes AS through untreated Group A streptococcal bacterial infection
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Damage causes commissural fusion, sometimes resulting in a bicuspid valve, leading to fibrosis, calcification, and further narrowing causing obstruction of ventricular outflow of blood.
Rheumatic heart disease
This disease rarely attacks the aortic valve alone, it usually also affects the mitral valve to some extent and is common in developing countries.
Rheumatic heart disease
Symptoms for this condition include chest pain, syncope (fainting), and congestive heart failure
Aortic stenosis (AS)
This is as a result of increased systemic pressure and consequent hypertrophy of the left ventricle which can lead to pulmonary edema and heart failure symptoms of the disease
Congestive heart failure
True or false? There is an effective medication therapy for aortic stenosis
False - there is no effective medication therapy for AS
True or false? Medication therapy cannot relieve symptoms of AS
False - medication therapy can relieve symptoms but will not resolve the problem.
Traditional Aortic Valve replacement, Percutaneous Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty (BAV) and TAVI or TAVR are surgical treatments for which condition?
Aortic stenosis
True or false? BAV (Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty) is a permanent solution for AS.
False- it has a high restenosis rate (approx. 80%) within one year.
Medical term for a heart attack
Myocardial infarction
True or false? More men are affected by MI than women
True
True or false? More men die from MI than women
False
The necrosis of a region of the myocardium caused by an interruption in the supply of oxygenated blood.
MI
What is the main cause of MI?
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
CAD occurs when the coronary arteries become damaged and a waxy substance called ______ builds up in the arteries
Plaque
Plaque buildup causes what condition?
Atherosclerosis
True or false? ■ The section of the heart muscle that the blocked coronary artery supplies blood to becomes dead and is replaced with noncontractile scar tissue.
True
This is the decrease in oxygen-rich blood supply caused by atherosclerosis
Ischemia
________ is the major cause of mayocardial infarction and chest pain
Ischemia
Hyperlipidemia, HTN, obesity, smoking, alcohol usse, excessive stress, family history and gender are all risk factors for what?
MI
Increases the risk for coronary atherosclerosis because of high LDL levels
Hyperlipidemia
Standard chest pain (most common), squeezing sensation, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, dizziness, breaking out into cold sweat, stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting - Are these symptoms of MI for a male or female
Male
Unusual fatigue (most common), sleep disturbances, anxiety, light headedness, shortness of breath, gas-like pain in stomach, upper back or shoulder pain, jaw pain, pressure in center of chest that may spread to arm - Are these symptoms of MI for a male or female
Female- Are more likely to account their signs to the flu or menstruation (why more females die from MI)
True or false? Angina is a precursor to myocardial necrosis.
False- angina is a relatively late event, occurring after at least 30 seconds of ischemia
True or false? Patients with heart transplants always experience angina during an MI.
False. Heart transplant patients are typically asymptomatic due to the fact that they do not have sensory afferent fibers innervating the atrium and ventricle
A release of ______ is said to be the cause of nerve stimulation. Pain is mediated by the sensory afferent fibers innervating the atrium and ventricle.
Adenosine
Impulses converge in the ______ with other impulses causing chest wall, back, arm and jaw pain
Spinal cord
Angina pectoris, N/V, tachycardia, SOB, fatiguw, clammy skin are all signs and symptoms of what?
MI
Restoration of blood flow within 1 hour of onset of heart attack can prevent damage to the heart muscle. Is this primary or secondary treatment of an MI?
Primary
Lifestyle changes, drug therapy, and surgery are examples of primary or secondary treatment of an MI?
Secondary
