Lecture 27

Question 1

Term for when heart valves do not open fully and the passageway for blood flow is narrowed.

Answer 1

Stenosis

Question 2

Sometimes, valves in the heart with stenosis do not close properly which allows blood to flow _____

Answer 2

Backwards (regurgitate)

Question 3

Do stenotic heart valves work less or more than non-stenotic?

Answer 3

More- they have to work harder due to having to pump blood through a smaller opening

Question 4

True or false? Stenosis cannot be present at birth, it is only age-related.

Answer 4

False - stenosis can be present at birth if valve leaflets or cusps are partially fused.

Question 5

Most commonly, stenosis is an age-related condition in which _____ deposits build up in the valve tissue over time and lead to stiffening and poor function.

Answer 5

Calcium

Question 6

True or false? Valve stenosis can occur in any of the four valves of the heart.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Valve stenosis is most common in which two valves?

Answer 7

Aortic and mitral.

Question 8

Congenital, Calcification, and Rheumatic heart disease are the main three abnormalities of what condition?

Answer 8

Aortic stenosis

Question 9

True or false? Calcification is the most common cause of aortic stenosis.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

This is when the leaflets of the aortic valve are fused at birth and the usually tricuspid valve is now biscuspid causing turbulent flow and increased wear and tear.

Answer 10

Congential Aortic Stenosis

Question 11

Most common cause of Aortic Stenosis (AS) in industrialized countries

Answer 11

Calcification of the Aortic valve

Question 12

This type of AS shares features with vascular atherosclerosis, meaning it involves endothelial dysfunction, lipid accumulation, inflammatory cell activation, cytokine release and a regulated process of calcification.

Answer 12

Calcification of the aortic valve

Question 13

This causes AS through untreated Group A streptococcal bacterial infection

Answer 13

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Question 14

Damage causes commissural fusion, sometimes resulting in a bicuspid valve, leading to fibrosis, calcification, and further narrowing causing obstruction of ventricular outflow of blood.

Answer 14

Rheumatic heart disease

Question 15

This disease rarely attacks the aortic valve alone, it usually also affects the mitral valve to some extent and is common in developing countries.

Answer 15

Rheumatic heart disease

Question 16

Symptoms for this condition include chest pain, syncope (fainting), and congestive heart failure

Answer 16

Aortic stenosis (AS)

Question 17

This is as a result of increased systemic pressure and consequent hypertrophy of the left ventricle which can lead to pulmonary edema and heart failure symptoms of the disease

Answer 17

Congestive heart failure

Question 18

True or false? There is an effective medication therapy for aortic stenosis

Answer 18

False - there is no effective medication therapy for AS

Question 19

True or false? Medication therapy cannot relieve symptoms of AS

Answer 19

False - medication therapy can relieve symptoms but will not resolve the problem.

Question 20

Traditional Aortic Valve replacement, Percutaneous Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty (BAV) and TAVI or TAVR are surgical treatments for which condition?

Answer 20

Aortic stenosis

Question 21

True or false? BAV (Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty) is a permanent solution for AS.

Answer 21

False- it has a high restenosis rate (approx. 80%) within one year.

Question 22

Medical term for a heart attack

Answer 22

Myocardial infarction

Question 23

True or false? More men are affected by MI than women

Answer 23

True

Question 24

True or false? More men die from MI than women

Answer 24

False

Question 25

The necrosis of a region of the myocardium caused by an interruption in the supply of oxygenated blood.

Answer 25

MI

Question 26

What is the main cause of MI?

Answer 26

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Question 27

CAD occurs when the coronary arteries become damaged and a waxy substance called ______ builds up in the arteries

Answer 27

Plaque

Question 28

Plaque buildup causes what condition?

Answer 28

Atherosclerosis

Question 29

True or false? ■ The section of the heart muscle that the blocked coronary artery supplies blood to becomes dead and is replaced with noncontractile scar tissue.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

This is the decrease in oxygen-rich blood supply caused by atherosclerosis

Answer 30

Ischemia

Question 31

________ is the major cause of mayocardial infarction and chest pain

Answer 31

Ischemia

Question 32

Hyperlipidemia, HTN, obesity, smoking, alcohol usse, excessive stress, family history and gender are all risk factors for what?

Answer 32

MI

Question 33

Increases the risk for coronary atherosclerosis because of high LDL levels

Answer 33

Hyperlipidemia

Question 34

Standard chest pain (most common), squeezing sensation, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, dizziness, breaking out into cold sweat, stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting - Are these symptoms of MI for a male or female

Answer 34

Male

Question 35

Unusual fatigue (most common), sleep disturbances, anxiety, light headedness, shortness of breath, gas-like pain in stomach, upper back or shoulder pain, jaw pain, pressure in center of chest that may spread to arm - Are these symptoms of MI for a male or female

Answer 35

Female- Are more likely to account their signs to the flu or menstruation (why more females die from MI)

Question 36

True or false? Angina is a precursor to myocardial necrosis.

Answer 36

False- angina is a relatively late event, occurring after at least 30 seconds of ischemia

Question 37

True or false? Patients with heart transplants always experience angina during an MI.

Answer 37

False. Heart transplant patients are typically asymptomatic due to the fact that they do not have sensory afferent fibers innervating the atrium and ventricle

Question 38

A release of ______ is said to be the cause of nerve stimulation. Pain is mediated by the sensory afferent fibers innervating the atrium and ventricle.

Answer 38

Adenosine

Question 39

Impulses converge in the ______ with other impulses causing chest wall, back, arm and jaw pain

Answer 39

Spinal cord

Question 40

Angina pectoris, N/V, tachycardia, SOB, fatiguw, clammy skin are all signs and symptoms of what?

Answer 40

MI

Question 41

Restoration of blood flow within 1 hour of onset of heart attack can prevent damage to the heart muscle. Is this primary or secondary treatment of an MI?

Answer 41

Primary

Question 42

Lifestyle changes, drug therapy, and surgery are examples of primary or secondary treatment of an MI?

Answer 42

Secondary