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BSI Test 2 > Lecture 16 & 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 & 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Transport of oxygenated blood

A

Arteries

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2
Q

Act as valves for entry into capillaries

A

Arterioles

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3
Q

Gas and nutrient exchange

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Collects blood from capillary

A

Venules

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5
Q

Carry deoxygenated blood back to heart

A

Veins

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6
Q
  • Contains lining of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium), basement membrane, and layer of elastic tissue (internal elastic lamina)
  • Endothelium lines entire cardiovascular system and is only tissue that contacts blood
A

Tunica interna (intima)

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7
Q
  • Thickest layer, middle layer

- Consists of elastic fibers and smooth muscle that extend circularly around the lumen

A

Tunica media

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8
Q
  • Outermost layer
  • Composed mainly of elastic and collagen fibers
  • In muscular arteries, an external elastic lamina composed of elastic tissue separates the tunica externa form the tunica media
A

Tunica externa

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9
Q

Type of artery with largest diameter - tunica media contains large amounts of elastic fibers

A

Elastic arteries

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10
Q

This type of artery has

  • More smooth muscle in tunica media (which is innervated by SNS)
  • Fewer elastic fibers
  • Capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust blood flow
A

Muscular arteries

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11
Q

Carry oxygenated blood and empties into capillaries

A

Arterioles

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12
Q

Control blood flow into capillary bed

A

Metarterioles and precapillary sphincters

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13
Q

Site of gas and fluid exchange with the tissues

A

Capillaries

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14
Q

The wall of this is very thin (good for gas exchange); consists of a layer of endothelium and underlying basement membrane. They do not contain smooth muscle thus they are not capable of vasoconstriction or vasodilation

A

Capillaries

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15
Q

Receive deoxygenated blood from capillaries

A

Venules

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16
Q

Have smooth muscle, and are capable of vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Arterioles and venules

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17
Q

Consist of same three tunics as arteries (tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa)

A

Veins

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18
Q

Much more compliant than arteries - can hold more blood, so they act as a reservoir.

A

Veins

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19
Q

Contain valves that prevent backflow of blood

A

Veins

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20
Q

The force exerted on the walls of the blood vessels by the blood

A

Blood Pressure

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21
Q

Blood flows through the body due to _______

A

Pressure gradient

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22
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) equation

A

MAP=DBP + 1/3 (SBP-DBP)

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23
Q

_____ Represents the pressure gradient in the systemic circulation and is the major driving force for blood flow through the systemic circulation.

A

MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)

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24
Q

Is pressure gradient in pulmonary circulation high or low?

A

Low

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25
Q

Is pressure gradient in systemic circulation high or low?

A

High

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26
Q

Pulse pressure equation

A

SBP-DBP

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27
Q

Factors that affect pulse pressure

A

Stroke volume and Compliance

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28
Q

Greater _____ results in greater pressure rise with each heart beat

A

Stroke volume

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29
Q

Lower _______ of artery results in a greater pressure rise with every beat

A

Compliance

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30
Q

________ are dampened further down the vascular tree; arterioles and capillaries do not experience significant _______

A

Pulsations (both blanks)

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31
Q

Factors that affect MAP

A

MAP = CO x TPR

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32
Q

______ is the resistance to blood flow through all of the vasculature in the body.

A

TPR

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33
Q

TPR represents ______ resistance.

A

Arterial; because venous vasculature is very compliant.

34
Q

TPR ______ as arterial vessels vasoconstrict.

A

Increases

35
Q

TPR ______ as arterial vessels vasodilate.

A

Decreases

36
Q

This increases venous return through rhythmic contration of skeletal muscle which helps to push blood in the veins towards the heart.

A

Venous pump

37
Q

During inspiration, abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases. This leads to increased venous return due to increased pressure gradient.

A

Respiratory pump

38
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system

A

RAAS

39
Q

Activation of ____ increases blood pressure

A

RAAS

40
Q

_____ converts renin substrate (angiotensin) to angiotensin I in RAAS

A

Renin and decreased arterial pressure

41
Q

_____ converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in RAAS

A

ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)

42
Q

Renin substrate (also called angiotensin) is secreted from _____

A

The liver

43
Q

_______ is important in regulation of blood pressure.

A

Angiotensin I

44
Q

_______ does not influence blood pressure

A

Angiotensin II

45
Q

Receptors are in brain, kidneys, myocardium, peripheral vasculature, and adrenal cortex

A

Angiotensin I

46
Q

Receptors are in adrenal medullary tissue, uterus, and brain

A

Angiotensin II

47
Q

______ causes the kidneys to reabsorb salt and water in two ways

A

Angiotensin Ii

48
Q
  • Acts directly on kidneys to cause salt and water reabsorption
  • Stimulates adrenal glands (cortex) to secrete aldosterone
A

Angiotensin II

49
Q

_____ causes an increase in salt and water reabsorption in kidneys.

A

Aldosterone

50
Q

Causes vasoconstriction,
Stimulates: SNS, thirst centers, ADH release from posterior pituitary
Inhibits renin release from kidney

A

Angiotensin II

51
Q

______ is most prominent in capillary wall of lung, but also in other tissues of the body

A

ACE

52
Q

True or False? Angiotensin can also be produced by other systems that function without ACE.

A

True

53
Q

ADH

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (also called vasopressin)

54
Q

Released from posterior pituitary gland in response to decreased blood volume and/or an increase in osmolarity

A

ADH

55
Q

Increases BP by causing vasoconstriction and acting on kidneys to promote reabsorption of water (not salt)

A

ADH

56
Q

V1a receptors

A

ADH receptor that mediate vasoconstriction

57
Q

V2 receptors

A

ADH receptor that mediates antidiuretic effect in kidney

58
Q

V1b receptors

A

ADH receptor

59
Q

ANP or ANF

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (or Factor)

60
Q

Released by cells of atria in response to increase stretch

A

ANP or ANF

61
Q

Lowers BP by causing vasodilation and acting on kidneys to promote loss of salt and water in urine

A

ANP or ANF

62
Q

Suppresses secretion of renin, aldosterone and ADH

A

ANP or ANF

63
Q

Released from ventricles in response to pressure & volume overload – function is similar to ANP in that it functions to decrease BP.

A

BNP or BNF

64
Q

Innervates most vessels, except capillaries, precapillary sphincters, and metarterioles

A

SNS

65
Q

Causes constriction of most vessels of body via alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

A

SNS

66
Q

Stimulation of this type of receptor causes vasodilation.

A

Beta-2

67
Q

This receptor type stimulates increased heart rate and contractility

A

Beta-1

68
Q

Innervates the heart and increases heart rate and contractility

A

SNS

69
Q

Majority of blood vessels are not innervated by _____

A

PNS

70
Q

Innervates the heart and decreases heart rate and decreases contractility

A

PNS

71
Q

Regulates the ANS

A

Vasomotor center in the medulla

72
Q

Stretch receptors located in the walls of large arteries (Carotid artery and aortic arch)

A

Baroreceptors

73
Q

Arterial pressure ____, and causes stretching of baroreceptors send info to vasomotor control center which then results in decreased TPR and CO

A

increases

74
Q

Arterial pressure _____, stretching of baroreceptors is reduced which results in increased TPR and CO.

A

decreases

75
Q

Important for rapid changes in BP and reduces variation in BP throughout the day

A

Baroreceptors

76
Q

These types of bodies sense a decrease in O2 content and an increase in CO2 and H+ content

A

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies

77
Q

If blood pressure decreases, blood flow decreases through this type of receptors in the ANS

A

Chemoreceptors

78
Q

Blood pressure decrease and blood flow decrease in chemoreceptors causes stimulation of the receptors and excitement of the vasomotor center. What does this result in?

A

Increased blood pressure

79
Q

These types of receptors are also called low pressure receptors

A

Atrial and pulmonary stretch receptors

80
Q

These are receptors that are in the atria and pulmonary artery

A

Atrial and pulmonary stretch receptors

81
Q

Low pressure receptors are important in minimizing changes in pressure in response to ________ changes.

A

Volume changes

BSI Test 2 (12 decks)

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