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Cardiology > Lectures 1-3 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

How is heart rate determined?

A

SA node rate of decay
SA>AV>Bundle of His>Purkinje Fibers
Depolarizes independently of any external drive

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2
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation _____ HR

A

increases
faster rate of depolarization
inc permeability to NA+

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3
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation ____ HR

A

decreases
hyperpolarization
slowed decay

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4
Q

Base or Apex of heart contracts first?

A

Apex contracts before heart

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5
Q

Can Purkinje fibers be seen grossly?

A

stain with iodine to grossly see

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6
Q

What are Purkinje cells? Histology?

A

conducting myocytes

pale central area because of glycogen

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7
Q

How is the AP propagated in myocytes

A

adjacent cells have gap junctions

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8
Q

Conduction velocity depends on: (3)

A
  • shape of AP- faster upswing=more rapid conduction
  • diameter of muscle fiber- inc diameter= inc conduction
  • Disease states change ionic conductance
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9
Q

What has fastest and slowest conduction velocity in heart

A

fastest purkinje

slowest AV node- delay to allow heart to fully fill

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10
Q

AP in cardiac myoctyes (phases (0-4))(fast)

A

0: Depolarization with entry of SODIUM
1: early repolarization due to efflux of K+
2: Plateau due to entry of Ca+2
3: Repolarization with entry of K+
4: Restoration with exchange (ATP) of Na+ for K+

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11
Q

Refractory Period

A

to prevent tetany (special to cardiac myocytes)

VO Na+ channels are inactivated in phase 0 until membrane potential more negative than -65

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12
Q

Autorhythmicity controlled by what located where?

A

SA node (R atrium) and AV node (IV septum) if SA node fails

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13
Q

Pacemaker AP (slow)

A 
phase 4 decays towards threshhold (more positive)
No VO Na+ channels!
Slow depolarization
shorter plateau and lower amplitude AP
Depolarization is from entry of CALCIUM
Unstable resting potential
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14
Q

Membrane potential of cardiac pacemaker

A

K+ is freely permeable- move into cell via electrical gradient and out of cell via [ ] gradient
Cell membrane not permeable to Na+ (actively pushed out for K+ with ATP-Na/K pump)
Na/Ca exchange-Na in Ca out
interior of cell becomes + -> depolarization and because myocytes are all connected the signal is propagated through all cells

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15
Q

Aorta
where from
and parts

A

from L ventricle

Ascending, Aortic Arch, Descending

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16
Q

Aortic Arch Branches

A

Brachiocephalic trunk (1st branch), left subclavian artery (2nd Branch)

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17
Q

Branches of Brachiocephalic trunk

A

L common carotid artery
R common carotid artery
R subclavian artery

18
Q

L and R subclavian arteries give rise to 4 main branches

A

1 Vertebral Artery- cervical muscle, spinal cord, brain
2 costocervical artery- 1-3rd intercostal spaces
3 internal thoracic artery- thoracic wall
4 superficial cervical artery-> axillary artery

19
Q

Left Ventricle (very Fit)
valves
2 other things

A

mitral valve- bicuspid
aortic valve-3 semilunar valvules
2 papillary muscles- from the outer wall
trabeculae septomarginalis

20
Q

Left Atrium- openings

A
  • 6 pulmonary veins- 2 from left, 4 from right
  • small coronary veins
  • left AV orifice-> LV
21
Q

Muscular IV Septum- 2 components

A

Thin membranous portion- site of closure of IV foramen

Thick muscular portion

22
Q

Right Ventricle
-blood from where to where
-valves
Right ventricular cavity(3)

A

Blood from RA to pulmonary trunk
tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve (3 semilunar valvules)
R ventricular cavity
- R septomarginalis trbecule
-trabecular carne (to reduce turbulence)
-3 papillary muscles- 2 septum, 1 big from outer wall

23
Q

What directs blood to pulmonary trunk in the RV?

A

Conus arteriosus

24
Q

R Atrium
openings (4)
Azygous veins

A

cranial vena cava
Caudal vena cava
coronary sinus
R AV orifice (venous blood RA-> RV

Right only- carnivores, horse,
Left only- pig
Left and Right- ruminants

25
Q 
Right Auricle
muscles called?
Fossa ovalis-
Intervenous Ridge-
one more
A

pectinate muscles
oval depression on interatrial septum
direct blood from cranial vena cava to ventricle
crista terminalis

26
Q

Interventricular septum- externally marked (

A

Left side- paraconal groove

Right side- subsinuosal groove

27
Q

Left surface of the heart

A

auricular

28
Q

Right surface of the heart

A

atrial

29
Q

most cranial part of heart?

A

right auricle

30
Q

forces influencing fluid movement across capillary wall(4)

A

capillary BP
plasma colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure
interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

31
Q

BP gradually decr along length of the capillary therefore..

A

amount of fluid filtered out decr in 1st half then inc in 2nd half

32
Q

Characteristic of all cardiac muscle cells (6)

A 
conductivity
contractility
autorhymicity
electrically connected (gap junctions)
pacemaker cells
conduction pathways
33
Q

vessels in series

A

pressure will decrease along network with the biggest pressure drop being in the arterioles

34
Q

vessels in parallel

A

within an organ
over R is lower than R in any elements of network
blood flow to one organ can be altered without altering flow to other organs

35
Q

Determinants of R (poiseuille’s law)

A

Resistance inversely proportional to radius (power of 4)

36
Q

According to poisueille’s law, blood flow depends on(3)

A

Pressure difference= MAP - central venous pressure
TPR- radius
Viscosity- not easily changed

37
Q

What makes blood flow

A

pressure difference is the driving force for flow

38
Q

basic flow equation

A

Flow Rate (Q)= Pressure difference/ Resistance

39
Q

Blood flow can be altered by

A

changing pressure difference across vascular bed

changing vascular resistance (radius)

40
Q

Circulation of ECF- 2 levels

A

Bulk transport- substances moved between organs (slowest in capillaries)
Trans capillary solute diffusion- from capillaries into cells

41
Q

4 factors that determine diffusion rate

A

[ ] difference
SA for exchange
diffusion distance
Permeability of the wall to diffusing substance

Cardiology (32 decks)

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