Lecture 10

Question 1

Breaths per minute in a resting dog above what number is bad

Answer 1

above 30

Question 2

cyanosis

Answer 2

severe resp compromise
cardiac disease-> pulmonary edema or pleural effusion
congenital r->l shunt

Question 3

pulse strength

most common issues found

Answer 3

different between systolic and diastolic arterial pressures
PDA
aortic insufficiency (aortic stenosis or bacterial endocarditis)

Question 4

Jugular veins distended when?

Answer 4

with right sided heart failure

Question 5

jugular pulsation means

Answer 5

tricuspid (right AV valve) regurgitation

Question 6

hepatojugular reflux

Answer 6

pressure on liver and cranial abdomen will inc venous return to the right atrium and may induce jugular distension

Question 7

Precordium

Answer 7

region of thorax immediately in front of the heart

Question 8

1st heart sound
because of-
heard best-
pathological condition-

Answer 8

closure of AV valves
heard best at left apex
split s1 can be heard with conduction alterations

Question 9

2nd heart sound
because of-
heard best-
pathological condition

Answer 9

closure of semilunar (outlet) valves
heard loudest over aortic area
split s2 can occur due to delayed closure of pulmonic valve

Question 10

3rd heart sound
because of-
normal in which species-
pathological condition-

Answer 10

vibrations of heart walls associated with rapid earl ventricular filling
horses
dogs s3 associated with myocardial failure(DCM) (s3 gallop)

Question 11

4th heart sound
because of-
normal in-
pathological condition

Answer 11

atrial contraction
large animals
heard in dogs and cats when atria dilate in response to ventricular stiffness

Question 12

Systolic murmurs occur when

Answer 12

between s1 and s2

Question 13

holosystolic murmurs

Answer 13

throughout systole but with both s1 and s2 audible

Question 14

pansystolic murmur

Answer 14

throughout systole and cannot hear s1 or s2

Question 15

diastolic murmur

Answer 15

heard early in diastole (just after s2) or throughout diastole

Question 16

continuous murmur

Answer 16

throughout systole and diastole

Question 17

heart divided into 4 regions on the thoracic wall

Answer 17

left heart base
left heart apex
right heart base
right heart apex

Question 18

left apex murmur can mean (2)

Answer 18

early mitral regurgitation (endocardiosis (small dog) endocarditis (larger breed) DCM)
sub aortic stenosis

Question 19

left base murmur (3)

Answer 19

PDA
Subaortic stenosis
aortic regurgitation

Question 20

Right Apex murmur(2)

Answer 20

VSD (ventricular septal defect)(most common congenital defect in cats, horse, cow)
tricuspid regurgitation(consider endocardiosis)

Question 21

Increased audibility of heart caused by:(2)

Answer 21

cardiac enlargement

hyperdynamic heart

Question 22

dec audibility of heart caused by:(4)

Answer 22

pericardial effusion
thoracic mass
pleural effusion
severe myocardial failure