Lecture8

Question 1

Fungi

Answer 1

eukaryotic organisms that are more closely related to animals than to plants

Question 2

List 3 characteristics of Fungi

Answer 2

1) ABSORB nutrition
2) CHITIN in cell wall
3) HETEROTROPHIC

Question 3

saprobes

Answer 3

decompose organic matter

Question 4

mutualist

Answer 4

gain and receive nutrients

from their partners(symbiotic)

Question 5

Parasites

Answer 5

absorb nutrients from living hosts(parasitic)

Question 6

Animals _____ their food and digest it. Fungi _____ in their food.

Answer 6

• eat

- live

Question 7

chemotropism

Answer 7

grow toward food

Question 8

Hyphae

Answer 8

• filiment

- grow towards chemicals released by food (like animal follows smell)

Question 9

Name 2 differences between plants and fungi

Answer 9

1) plants are (photo)AUTOTROPHIC) whereas fungi is (chemo)HETEROTROPHIC.
2) fungi has CHITIN in cell wall

Question 10

mycelium

Answer 10

network of hyphae (big absorptive net)

aka “the fungal body”

Question 11

How is fungi like an iceberg?

Answer 11

Majority can’t be seen

Question 12

How are Hyphae similar to roots?

Answer 12

high surface-to-volume ratio for absorbing nutrients

Question 13

What we see of fungi is often just the…

Answer 13

“fruiting body”

Question 14

Describe Fungi Reproduction

Answer 14

1) the fruiting body produces spores

2) -those spores can PRODUCE ASEXUALLY (spores can give rise to haploid hyphae that give rise to more spores)
Or
-can PRODUCE SEXUALLY (fusion of hyphae of different mating types)

Note: Mating types” are not sexes because morphologically identical, and often more than two.

Question 15

dikaryotic hyphae

Answer 15

product of fusion of two haploid hyphae (of

different mating types)

Question 16

Dikaryon

Answer 16

a cell with two genetically different haploid

nuclei (one from each parent hypha)

Question 17

Syngamy

Answer 17

fertilization

Question 18

What two sequences does fungi syngamy require?

Answer 18

1) plasmogamy: fusion of the cytoplasm

2) karyogamy: fusion of the nuclei

Question 19

What is the Differences between dikaryon and diploid cells?

Answer 19

dikaryon has 2 nuclei because it has not undergone karyogamy yet. once karyogamy occurs it produces a diploid zygote.

Question 20

plasmogamy

Answer 20

fusion of the cytoplasm

Question 21

karyogamy

Answer 21

fusion of the nuclei

Question 22

how are spores dispersed?

Answer 22

1) wind
2) water
3) animals
4) physical (e.g., ballistic propulsion by fungi mechanism)

Question 23

What are the two major decomposers on Earth?

Answer 23

fungi and bacteria

Important for:
• Soil formation
• Nutrient recycling

Question 24

Lichens

Answer 24

-mutualistic relationship between fungus + photosynthetic organism (photosynthetic partner is either cyanobacterium, algae, or both)

• Hardy and can survive harsh environments
• Sensitive to toxic compounds (good indicators of air pollution)

Question 25

What do fungus provide in Lichens?

Answer 25

Fungus provides: protection, attachment, acquisition of water, minerals.

Question 26

What do alga provide in Lichens?

Answer 26

Alga provides: carbon compounds (e.g., sugars, amino acids)

Question 27

Mycorrhizae

Answer 27

mutualistic relationship between plant roots + fungal hyphae A mycorrhizae-plant mutualism was present in some of the earliest land plants!

Question 28

What does fungus provide in Mycorrhizae?

Answer 28

Fungus provides: hyphae penetrates soil around plant roots and increases surface area (more water/mineral/nutrients absorbed).

Question 29

What does plant provide in Mycorrhizae?

Answer 29

Plant provides: carbon compounds (e.g., sugars, amino acids)àproducts of photosynthesis)

Question 30

What are the two types of Mycorrhizae?

Answer 30

Ectomycorrhizae | Endomycorrhizae

Question 31

Ectomycorrhizae

Answer 31

fungus wraps around the plant roots (ecto = outer/external)

Question 32

Endomycorrhizae

Answer 32

Arbuscular (meaning like a tree) mycorrhizae: hyphae enter root, penetrate cell walls (but not plasma membrane)

Question 33

Nearly all vascular plants have...

Answer 33

mycorrhizae

Question 34

coevolve

Answer 34

(coevolution: reciprocal evolution of interacting species) ie - leafcutter ant and fungi mutualistic relationship - Each ant species has its own species of fungus, and when ants speciate, so does fungus

Question 35

Describe the mutualistic relationship between leaf cutter ants and fungus.

Answer 35

- leafcutter ants feed leaves to fungus to grow - leafcutter ants eat that fungus - parasitic fungus destroys that fungus - leafcutter ants use a bacterium as antibiotic that kills the parasitic fungus.

Question 36

Describe how fungi operate as parasites?

Answer 36

Parasites (other fungi, plants, animals) • Hyphae invade plant or animal tissue (with enzymes or pressure) • Grow inside, absorbing nutrients • Often fruit outside host (e.g., Cordyceps, a fungal parasite of insects)

Question 37

Describe the valley fever causing fungus

Answer 37

``` • Coccidioides fungus • Causes Coccidioidomycosis aka valley fever (common in desert southwest) • Host breathes in fungal spores • Spores complete life cycle on lungs ```