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ECOL 182R > Lecture8 > Flashcards

Lecture8 Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi

A

eukaryotic organisms that are more closely related to animals than to plants

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2
Q

List 3 characteristics of Fungi

A

1) ABSORB nutrition
2) CHITIN in cell wall
3) HETEROTROPHIC

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3
Q

saprobes

A

decompose organic matter

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4
Q

mutualist

A

gain and receive nutrients

from their partners(symbiotic)

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5
Q

Parasites

A

absorb nutrients from living hosts(parasitic)

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6
Q

Animals _____ their food and digest it. Fungi _____ in their food.

A
  • eat

- live

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7
Q

chemotropism

A

grow toward food

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8
Q

Hyphae

A
  • filiment

- grow towards chemicals released by food (like animal follows smell)

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9
Q

Name 2 differences between plants and fungi

A

1) plants are (photo)AUTOTROPHIC) whereas fungi is (chemo)HETEROTROPHIC.
2) fungi has CHITIN in cell wall

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10
Q

mycelium

A

network of hyphae (big absorptive net)

aka “the fungal body”

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11
Q

How is fungi like an iceberg?

A

Majority can’t be seen

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12
Q

How are Hyphae similar to roots?

A

high surface-to-volume ratio for absorbing nutrients

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13
Q

What we see of fungi is often just the…

A

“fruiting body”

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14
Q

Describe Fungi Reproduction

A

1) the fruiting body produces spores

2) -those spores can PRODUCE ASEXUALLY (spores can give rise to haploid hyphae that give rise to more spores)
Or
-can PRODUCE SEXUALLY (fusion of hyphae of different mating types)

Note: Mating types” are not sexes because morphologically identical, and often more than two.

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15
Q

dikaryotic hyphae

A

product of fusion of two haploid hyphae (of

different mating types)

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16
Q

Dikaryon

A

a cell with two genetically different haploid

nuclei (one from each parent hypha)

17
Q

Syngamy

A

fertilization

18
Q

What two sequences does fungi syngamy require?

A

1) plasmogamy: fusion of the cytoplasm

2) karyogamy: fusion of the nuclei

19
Q

What is the Differences between dikaryon and diploid cells?

A

dikaryon has 2 nuclei because it has not undergone karyogamy yet. once karyogamy occurs it produces a diploid zygote.

20
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of the cytoplasm

21
Q

karyogamy

A

fusion of the nuclei

22
Q

how are spores dispersed?

A

1) wind
2) water
3) animals
4) physical (e.g., ballistic propulsion by fungi mechanism)

23
Q

What are the two major decomposers on Earth?

A

fungi and bacteria

Important for:
• Soil formation
• Nutrient recycling

24
Q

Lichens

A

-mutualistic relationship between fungus + photosynthetic organism (photosynthetic partner is either cyanobacterium, algae, or both)

  • Hardy and can survive harsh environments
  • Sensitive to toxic compounds (good indicators of air pollution)
25
Q

What do fungus provide in Lichens?

A

Fungus provides: protection, attachment, acquisition of water, minerals.

26
Q

What do alga provide in Lichens?

A

Alga provides: carbon compounds (e.g., sugars, amino acids)

27
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

mutualistic relationship between plant roots + fungal hyphae

A mycorrhizae-plant mutualism was present in some of the earliest land plants!

28
Q

What does fungus provide in Mycorrhizae?

A

Fungus provides: hyphae penetrates soil around plant roots and increases surface area (more water/mineral/nutrients absorbed).

29
Q

What does plant provide in Mycorrhizae?

A

Plant provides: carbon compounds (e.g., sugars, amino acids)àproducts of photosynthesis)

30
Q

What are the two types of Mycorrhizae?

A

Ectomycorrhizae

Endomycorrhizae

31
Q

Ectomycorrhizae

A

fungus wraps around the plant roots (ecto = outer/external)

32
Q

Endomycorrhizae

A

Arbuscular (meaning like a tree) mycorrhizae: hyphae enter root, penetrate cell walls (but not plasma membrane)

33
Q

Nearly all vascular plants have…

A

mycorrhizae

34
Q

coevolve

A

(coevolution: reciprocal evolution of interacting species)

ie - leafcutter ant and fungi mutualistic relationship
- Each ant species has its own species of fungus, and when ants speciate, so does fungus

35
Q

Describe the mutualistic relationship between leaf cutter ants and fungus.

A
  • leafcutter ants feed leaves to fungus to grow
  • leafcutter ants eat that fungus
  • parasitic fungus destroys that fungus
  • leafcutter ants use a bacterium as antibiotic that kills the parasitic fungus.
36
Q

Describe how fungi operate as parasites?

A

Parasites (other fungi, plants, animals)
• Hyphae invade plant or animal tissue (with enzymes or pressure)
• Grow inside, absorbing nutrients
• Often fruit outside host (e.g., Cordyceps, a fungal parasite of insects)

37
Q

Describe the valley fever causing fungus

A 
• Coccidioides fungus
• Causes
Coccidioidomycosis
aka valley fever (common in desert southwest)
• Host breathes in fungal spores
• Spores complete life cycle on lungs

ECOL 182R (19 decks)

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