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ECOL 182R > Lecture 9: Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Animal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What defines an animal? (5)

A

1) multicellular
2) heterotrophic
3) No cell wall
4) Self propelled movement (muscle cell)
5) Neurons (all but sponges)

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2
Q

What does an animal have in place of a cell wall?

A

ECM: Extracellular matrix which provides structure

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3
Q

What is the ECM typically composed of?

A
  • proteins
  • glycoproteins
  • collagen
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4
Q

What allows cells to communicate with each other (in animals)?

A

Neurons

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5
Q

Describe Lophotrochozoans (worms) growth?

A

grow incrementally

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6
Q

What are the three types of Lophotrochozoans?

A

1) Platyhelminthes
2) Annelida
3) Mollusca

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7
Q

How do Ecdysozoans grow?

A

Grow by molting.

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8
Q

What are two types of Ecdysozoans?

A

1) Nemotoda

2) Arthopoda

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9
Q

What is molting?

A

-shedding external layer

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10
Q

What are the two types of protostomes?

A
  • Lophotrochozoans

- Ecdysozoans

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11
Q

One easy way to think of the difference between protostomes and Deuterostomes?

A

protostomes don’t really have a skeleton whereas Deuterostomes have an internal skeleton.

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12
Q

Basal

A

originate near the root of the phylogenetic tree

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13
Q

Porifera

A

(sponges)

1st animal

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14
Q

Porifera traits

A
  • multicellular
  • ECM: Extracellular matrix
  • heterotrophic (Suspension feeder)
  • Movement
  • No Neurons
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15
Q

What are the two types of Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?

A

1) Hard
• Spicules- provide skeletal structure from Calcium carbonate or silica

2) Flexible
• Collagen, spongin

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16
Q

Chanocytes

A

flagellate cell that creates current and engulfs food particles

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17
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

genetic recombination through sperm and eggs

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18
Q

Sponges are ____________

A

hermaphrodites

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19
Q

hermaphrodites

A
  • an individual can produce both male (sperm) and female (egg) gametes
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20
Q

What allows larvae to swim?

A

Modified chanocytes allow larvae to swim

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21
Q

Porifera types of reproduction?

A
  • sexual reproduction

- asexual reproduction

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22
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

produce genetic clones of parent

ie -Budding or fragmentation

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23
Q

What is budding?

A

offshooting

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24
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

piece broken off that can reattach somewhere else or form/grow own its own but still be genetically the same
(clumsy scuba diver example)

25
Q

Porifera contain No

A

neurons or nervous system to transmit electrical signals to other cells

26
Q

What does porifera have in place of neurons?

A
  • Contain genes for proteins that help neurons function
  • even though they don’t have neurons they have the genetic coding that would allow evolution to potentially allow it to happen

(Important for understanding evolution of nervous system)

27
Q

Porifera are able to do Cellular communication _________

A

-in feeding

28
Q

Porifera are able to process _______________.

A

-sensory information

ie- Larval cilia can respond to light

29
Q

What two ways (traits) do sponges differentiate from other animals based on what they lack?

A

-They lack tissue although they do have cellular organization
(A group of similar cells organized into a separate functional unit)

-They lack symmetry (which means they cannot be cut into equal halves). Instead they are asymmetrical.

30
Q

tissue

A

A group of similar cells organized into a separate functional unit

31
Q

Symmetry

A

Can be cut to create equal haves

32
Q

What evolutionary traits evolved prior to Cnidaria?

A

1) radial symmetry
2) nervous system
3) tissues evolve

33
Q

What are the two types of symmetry?

A
  • Radial Symmetry

- bilateral symmetry

34
Q

Radial symmetry

A

a plane through the center in any direction will bisect the organism in equal halves

35
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

only a single plane will bisect the organism into equal halves

36
Q

What are the advantages of bilateral symmetry?

A

-Allows for front, back, top, and bottom
-Importantly leads to cephalization: trend
towards having a head
a) Sensory organs can be concentrated in one
end and side
b) Often associated with a central nervous
system (and brain)

37
Q

Cnidaria are the first animals to have cells organized into _________ layers.

A

tissue

38
Q

Cnidaria two body forms

A

polyp (individual pieces of coral and medusa

39
Q

extracellular digestion (stomach) was made possible by what evolutionary trait?

A

tissue layers evolving (Cnidaria)

40
Q

How many species of Cnidarians?

A

10,000

41
Q

The types of Cnidaria

A

Anthozoa (Corals and anemones)

Scyphozoa (Swimming jellyfish)

Staurozoa (Stalked jellyfish)

Cubozoa (Box jellyfish)

Hydrozoa (Hydroids & siphonophore)

42
Q

Planula

A

cnidarian larvae

43
Q

What two things evolved after Cnidaria but before protostomes and deuterostomes?

A
  • anus

- coelom

44
Q

Acoelomate

A

no coelom

ie - Sponges, Cnidaria, Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

45
Q

The coelom

A

A body cavity that is surrounded by mesoderm tissue

46
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

body cavity, but not fully
surrounded by mesoderm

ie - rotifers, round worms (Nematodes)

47
Q

Coelomate

A

-has coelom

ie - Some protostomes and all deuterostomes

48
Q

In coelomates the mesoderm surrounds…

A

the cavity AND the digestive tract, fully enclosing the cavity

49
Q

Why was the evolution of the body cavity useful?

A

1) CUSHIONS organs: Organs can FUNCTION without being deformed by surrounding muscles
2) Can function as a simple CIRCULATORY system
3) Can act as SKELETON: Earthworms’ contains noncompressible fluids (=hydrostatic skeleton)

4) Enables internal organs to GROW INDEPENDENTLY of the outer body wall
• Longer, coiled gut
• Heartbeat doesn’t warp bodies surface

50
Q

In humans coelom is divided into two…

A

The thoracic and abdominal cavities

51
Q

Protostomes and Deuterostomes are divided based on their…

A

-early embryonic development.

52
Q

Protostomes and Deuterostomes are divided based on their early embryonic development. The key difference is…

A

where the mouth forms

53
Q

“proto”

A

“proto”= 1st

54
Q

“deutero”

A

“deutero”= 2nd

55
Q

“stome”

A

“stome” =mouth

56
Q

Protostomes Mouth forms from the…

A

Blastopore

57
Q

Deuterostomes mouth forms from a…

A

secondary opening

58
Q

ctenophores

A 
Comb Jellies
• Nervous system and muscle cells
• Upward mouth
• Rotational symmetry : mirror image only when
rotated 180°
• Fully pelagic life cycle

ECOL 182R (19 decks)

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