Lecture 9: Animal Diversity

Question 1

What defines an animal? (5)

Answer 1

1) multicellular
2) heterotrophic
3) No cell wall
4) Self propelled movement (muscle cell)
5) Neurons (all but sponges)

Question 2

What does an animal have in place of a cell wall?

Answer 2

ECM: Extracellular matrix which provides structure

Question 3

What is the ECM typically composed of?

Answer 3

• proteins
• glycoproteins
• collagen

Question 4

What allows cells to communicate with each other (in animals)?

Answer 4

Neurons

Question 5

Describe Lophotrochozoans (worms) growth?

Answer 5

grow incrementally

Question 6

What are the three types of Lophotrochozoans?

Answer 6

1) Platyhelminthes
2) Annelida
3) Mollusca

Question 7

How do Ecdysozoans grow?

Answer 7

Grow by molting.

Question 8

What are two types of Ecdysozoans?

Answer 8

1) Nemotoda

2) Arthopoda

Question 9

What is molting?

Answer 9

-shedding external layer

Question 10

What are the two types of protostomes?

Answer 10

• Lophotrochozoans

- Ecdysozoans

Question 11

One easy way to think of the difference between protostomes and Deuterostomes?

Answer 11

protostomes don’t really have a skeleton whereas Deuterostomes have an internal skeleton.

Question 12

Basal

Answer 12

originate near the root of the phylogenetic tree

Question 13

Porifera

Answer 13

(sponges)

1st animal

Question 14

Porifera traits

Answer 14

• multicellular
• ECM: Extracellular matrix
• heterotrophic (Suspension feeder)
• Movement
• No Neurons

Question 15

What are the two types of Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?

Answer 15

1) Hard
• Spicules- provide skeletal structure from Calcium carbonate or silica

2) Flexible
• Collagen, spongin

Question 16

Chanocytes

Answer 16

flagellate cell that creates current and engulfs food particles

Question 17

Sexual reproduction

Answer 17

genetic recombination through sperm and eggs

Question 18

Sponges are ____________

Answer 18

hermaphrodites

Question 19

hermaphrodites

Answer 19

• an individual can produce both male (sperm) and female (egg) gametes

Question 20

What allows larvae to swim?

Answer 20

Modified chanocytes allow larvae to swim

Question 21

Porifera types of reproduction?

Answer 21

• sexual reproduction

- asexual reproduction

Question 22

Asexual reproduction

Answer 22

produce genetic clones of parent

ie -Budding or fragmentation

Question 23

What is budding?

Answer 23

offshooting

Question 24

What is fragmentation?

Answer 24

piece broken off that can reattach somewhere else or form/grow own its own but still be genetically the same
(clumsy scuba diver example)

Question 25

Porifera contain No

Answer 25

neurons or nervous system to transmit electrical signals to other cells

Question 26

What does porifera have in place of neurons?

Answer 26

- Contain genes for proteins that help neurons function - even though they don't have neurons they have the genetic coding that would allow evolution to potentially allow it to happen (Important for understanding evolution of nervous system)

Question 27

Porifera are able to do Cellular communication _________

Answer 27

-in feeding

Question 28

Porifera are able to process _______________.

Answer 28

-sensory information | ie- Larval cilia can respond to light

Question 29

What two ways (traits) do sponges differentiate from other animals based on what they lack?

Answer 29

-They lack tissue although they do have cellular organization (A group of similar cells organized into a separate functional unit) -They lack symmetry (which means they cannot be cut into equal halves). Instead they are asymmetrical.

Question 30

tissue

Answer 30

A group of similar cells organized into a separate functional unit

Question 31

Symmetry

Answer 31

Can be cut to create equal haves

Question 32

What evolutionary traits evolved prior to Cnidaria?

Answer 32

1) radial symmetry 2) nervous system 3) tissues evolve

Question 33

What are the two types of symmetry?

Answer 33

- Radial Symmetry | - bilateral symmetry

Question 34

Radial symmetry

Answer 34

a plane through the center in any direction will bisect the organism in equal halves

Question 35

Bilateral Symmetry

Answer 35

only a single plane will bisect the organism into equal halves

Question 36

What are the advantages of bilateral symmetry?

Answer 36

-Allows for front, back, top, and bottom -Importantly leads to cephalization: trend towards having a head a) Sensory organs can be concentrated in one end and side b) Often associated with a central nervous system (and brain)

Question 37

Cnidaria are the first animals to have cells organized into _________ layers.

Answer 37

tissue

Question 38

Cnidaria two body forms

Answer 38

polyp (individual pieces of coral and medusa

Question 39

extracellular digestion (stomach) was made possible by what evolutionary trait?

Answer 39

tissue layers evolving (Cnidaria)

Question 40

How many species of Cnidarians?

Answer 40

10,000

Question 41

The types of Cnidaria

Answer 41

Anthozoa (Corals and anemones) Scyphozoa (Swimming jellyfish) Staurozoa (Stalked jellyfish) Cubozoa (Box jellyfish) Hydrozoa (Hydroids & siphonophore)

Question 42

Planula

Answer 42

cnidarian larvae

Question 43

What two things evolved after Cnidaria but before protostomes and deuterostomes?

Answer 43

- anus | - coelom

Question 44

Acoelomate

Answer 44

no coelom ie - Sponges, Cnidaria, Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

Question 45

The coelom

Answer 45

A body cavity that is surrounded by mesoderm tissue

Question 46

Pseudocoelomate

Answer 46

body cavity, but not fully surrounded by mesoderm ie - rotifers, round worms (Nematodes)

Question 47

Coelomate

Answer 47

-has coelom ie - Some protostomes and all deuterostomes

Question 48

In coelomates the mesoderm surrounds...

Answer 48

the cavity AND the digestive tract, fully enclosing the cavity

Question 49

Why was the evolution of the body cavity useful?

Answer 49

1) CUSHIONS organs: Organs can FUNCTION without being deformed by surrounding muscles 2) Can function as a simple CIRCULATORY system 3) Can act as SKELETON: Earthworms’ contains noncompressible fluids (=hydrostatic skeleton) 4) Enables internal organs to GROW INDEPENDENTLY of the outer body wall • Longer, coiled gut • Heartbeat doesn’t warp bodies surface

Question 50

In humans coelom is divided into two...

Answer 50

The thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 51

Protostomes and Deuterostomes are divided based on their...

Answer 51

-early embryonic development.

Question 52

Protostomes and Deuterostomes are divided based on their early embryonic development. The key difference is...

Answer 52

where the mouth forms

Question 53

“proto”

Answer 53

“proto”= 1st

Question 54

“deutero”

Answer 54

“deutero”= 2nd

Question 55

“stome”

Answer 55

“stome” =mouth

Question 56

Protostomes Mouth forms from the...

Answer 56

Blastopore

Question 57

Deuterostomes mouth forms from a...

Answer 57

secondary opening

Question 58

ctenophores

Answer 58

``` Comb Jellies • Nervous system and muscle cells • Upward mouth • Rotational symmetry : mirror image only when rotated 180° • Fully pelagic life cycle ```