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ECOL 182R > Lecture 11: Animal Diversity 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Animal Diversity 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Arthropoda

A

“jointed feet”

invertebrates with an exoskeleton and jointed legs

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2
Q

Describe Arthropoda morphology

A

1) Appendages with JOINTS
2) Body SEGMENTED
3) External skeleton: EXOSKELETON (of chitin)
4) RESPIRATION uses tracheae (terrestrial), gills (aquatic), or book lungs (spiders, horseshoe crabs)

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3
Q

jointed appendage means

A

growth from the body of an organism that has a joint in it (elbow)

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4
Q

What are the three segmentations of Arthropoda?

A

Three fused segments:

1) head
2) thorax
3) abdomen

• Some have fused head + thorax (cephalothorax)

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5
Q

What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Arthropoda exoskeleton?

A

Benefits:

1) Muscle attachment
2) Protection

Drawbacks:

1) Vulnerable at times
2) Size limiting

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6
Q

An exoskeleton is a series of __________

A

tubes

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7
Q

structural strength of a tube __________ as tube diameter __________.

A
  • decreases

- increases

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8
Q

As body size increases, so does…

A
  • SURFACE area,
  • SIZE of exoskeleton,
  • & VOLUME increases.
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9
Q

How do arthropods deal with size limits?

A

molting

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10
Q

Molting allows for (3)…

A
  • GROWTH,
  • SHEDDING unwanted “stuff” (e.g., parasites, barnacles on crabs, etc.),
  • and can even REGENERATE lost legs!
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11
Q

Four subphyla of Arthropoda

A

1) Crustacea
2) Hexapoda
3) Myriapoda
4) Chelicerata

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12
Q

Chelicerata includes…

A

scorpions, spiders, mites

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13
Q

Chelicerata includes…

A

scorpions, spiders, mites

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14
Q

First set of appendages of Chelicerate are modified into…

A

pincers or fangs

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15
Q

Chelicerata are mostly …

A

Mostly predatory but mites do almost everything (herbivores, predators, & parasites!)

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16
Q

Crustacea

A

dominant marine arthropods

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17
Q

Describe the morphology of the Crustacea

A
  • each segment of thorax and abdomen usually has an appendage
  • appendages may be branched
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18
Q

The first appendages of Crustacea and Hexapoda are …

A

antennae

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19
Q

Myriapoda

A

“lots of legs”

also have many segments (ie- millipedes and centipedes)

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20
Q

Hexapoda (largest subphyla)

A

“Classic” Insects

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21
Q

Hexapoda have (morphology)

A

1) Three body sections: head, thorax, abdomen

2) Six legs

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22
Q

_____% of all animals are arthropods.

A 
85%
-73% insects
-12% OTHER ARTHROPODS
4% CHORDATES
11% OTHER PHYLA
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23
Q

How many described insect species are there?

A

close to 900,000

  • Described vertebrate species ~ 38,000
  • Described mammal species ~ 4,500
  • Described insect species ~ 875,000
  • Many undescribed insects: estimates of 2 million - 30 million(!!!)
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24
Q

Why have insects been so successful?

A

Insects are very successful

1) SMALL SIZE: habitat becomes more complex as you become smaller, allows more subdivision
2) FLIGHT: more movement and rapid colonization of plants
3) Complete METAMORPHASIS (change in body plan) during development

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25
A majority of all animal species are insects with complete _________.
metamorphosis
26
metamorphosis allows...
change in body plan allows SPECIALIZATION -immatures specialize in feeding and growth -adults specialize in dispersal and reproduction
27
immature insects specialize in...
feeding and growth
28
adult insects specialize in...
dispersal and reproduction
29
incomplete metamorphosis
- when the juvenile versions look like miniature versions of adult. - not complete metamorphosis because the body plan isn't totally different
30
subphyla of Deuterostomes
- Echinodermata | - Chordata
31
Deuterostomes come from greek word meaning...
mouth second | refers to anus developing first and then the mouth second
32
Echinos
spinny
33
dermos
skin
34
Echinodermata
named for spinny skin | -exclusively marine (not terrestrial)
35
How many described living species are there in echinodermata?
7000
36
examples of echinodermata
Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers...
37
Describe the echinodermata morphology
- “Pentaradial” symmetry as adults: rays or arms arranged in groups of 5 (but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical) - An endoskeleton of interlocking calcium carbonate plates covered by epidermis
38
Describe echinodermata physiology
* System of canals: central ring canal and radial canals along arms * Water circulates through allowing for gas/nutrient/ waste exchange * Use “tube feet” to move and manipulate things
39
What are three ways of Echinodermata: Feeding?
1) Predacious (sea stars) 2) Grazers (sea urchins) 3) Filter feeders (sea cucumbers, others)
40
Describe echinodermata predacious feeding
``` (eat bivalves like clams or mussels) 1) Attach themselves to both shells 2) Exert constant suction until poor bivalves muscles exhausted 3) Evert their mouthparts and stomach into crack ```
41
Chordates
Vertebrates + two small groups | the Tunicates and the Lancelates
42
As adults tunicates look like __________ but _________ have the defining features of chordates
- sponges | - Larvae
43
Chordata defining features include...
* a dorsal hollow nerve cord | * a notochord (a flexible rod, supporting the nerve cord) for at least part of life
44
notochord
(a flexible rod, supporting the nerve cord) for at least part of life
45
what happens to the notochord in vertebrates?
The notochord disappears early in development and is replaced by the vertebral column that surrounds the nerve cord
46
Describe the general Vertebrate Body Plan
-Dorsal nervous system -internal skeleton -Organs suspended in coelom -Well-developed circulatory system with heart
47
First vertebrates were likely _________
mud-suckers (ingested mud, removed organic material)
48
in addition to being mud suckers, ancestral fish were also __________.
osmoregulatory | control solute levels in cells) abilities allowed fishes to exploit estuaries (ocean-fresh water interface
49
osmoregulatory
(control solute levels in cells) abilities allowed fishes to exploit estuaries (ocean-fresh water interface)
50
estuary
where salty water and fresh water meet
51
First group of modern fishes...
jawless fishes Examples: hagfish and lampreys
52
Second group of modern fishes
cartilaginous fishes | ie-shark, rays
53
third group of modern fishes...
- ray-finned or bony fishes note: Cartilage replaced by bony skeleton **most fish are in this group
54
Ray-Finned Fishes
Evolved lunglike sacs for respiration, became modified into swim bladders
55
what is the advantage of swim bladders?
Used for neutral buoyancy: staying motionless at a particular depth
56
First Vertebrates on Land
Amphibians ie-frogs, toads, salamanders
57
their is no biological difference between frogs and toads only an ____________-
-ecological differences
58
Amphibians
confined to moist habitats: 1) Respire with lungs and across moist skin 2) Reproduce in the water, have external fertilization (sperm must swim to egg) 3) Eggs not waterproof - generally have to be laid in water (video segment showing an exception) (tree frogs that lay eggs on underside of leaf above water)
59
how are reptiles (better) adapted to dry land?(as opposed to amphibians)
1) Skin covered with scales 2) Internal fertilization (not reliant on water) 3) Egg with waterproof shell
60
reptiles are ____________
monothyletic
61
In birds, the scales of other reptile groups have been modified into ________
feathers
62
crows like to drop their nuts onto pavement to be run over and crack them. what do they do to avoid being hit by traffic
drop it into the pedestrian crosswalk
63
Mammalia characteristics
1) hair | 2) mammory glands
64
how many mammalian species are there?
-4,500 | compared to ~875,000 species of insects!
65
Three commonly distinguished groups of mammals
1) Monotremes: egg laying mammals with reptilian-like splayed legs (e.g., platypus and echidna) 2) Marsupials: give birth to tiny young, nursed in ventral pouch 3) Eutherian mammals (“placental mammals”): by far the most diverse: over 4,000 species
66
Monotremes: egg laying mammals with reptilian-like splayed legs (e.g., platypus and echidna)
egg laying mammals with reptilian-like splayed legs (e.g., platypus and echidna)
67
Marsupials
give birth to tiny young, nursed in ventral pouch ie- kangaroo, wombat, tiger qual, koala, possum, tasmanian devil
68
Eutherian mammals
(“placental mammals”) *by far the most diverse: over 4,000 species

ECOL 182R (19 decks)

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