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ECOL 182R > Lecture 7: Diversity of Plants > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Diversity of Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Angiosperms

A

Have fruits and flowers

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2
Q

Above ground parts of a plant

A

Shoot System

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3
Q

Below Ground parts of a plant

A

Root System

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4
Q

Stem

A

the main supporting structure

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5
Q

fruit

A

protects the seed

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6
Q

leaf

A

performs photsysnthesis

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7
Q

flower

A

helps in reproduction

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8
Q

root

A

absorbs water and minerals

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9
Q

Summary of Leaf functions

A

1) Photosynthesis
2) minimize water loss
3) transport water and sugar (via leaf veins)
4) adapt to environment

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10
Q

Stomota

A

pours on underside of leaf that capture C02

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11
Q

guard cells

A

guard what is going in and out of leaf through stomata; prevents water loss and regulates how much C02 comes in

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12
Q

the opening and number of stomates control the rate of ___________.

A

transpiration

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13
Q

vascular bundle

A

leaf veins; contain…

xylem: pulls water up from roots
(Phloem: cycles sugar to rest of plant)

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14
Q

functions of the stem

A
  • provides mechnical support to the leaves and branches
  • transport water and minerals
  • photosynthesis in some plants
  • store materials (water, sugar)
  • adapted for specialized functions
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15
Q

root system functions

A

1) ANCHOR the plant
2) ABSORB water and minerals
3) PRODUCE hormones

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16
Q

3 types of roots

A

1) tap root: straight, grows vertically down, central location where rootlets spring
2) fibrous root: mass of many roots that are similarly sized
3) adventitious root: form in weird places

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17
Q

flower functions (important for pollination)

A

(modified leaves)

1) contain sexual organs
2) produce fruit
3) attract insects for pollination

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18
Q

pollination

A

the act of transferring pollen grain from the male anther to the female part, the stigma

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19
Q

fruit functions (important for seed dispersal)

A

1) ENCLOSES the mature seeds
2) NOURISH the seed
3) CARRY the seed using diverse dispersal mechanisms

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20
Q

seed dispersal

A

the mechanism in which plant seeds are transported to new sights (for germination and establish new individuals)

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21
Q

how are plant cells unique (3)

A
  • have a box like CELL WALL that surround a cell membrane (animal cells have cell membrane but no wall)
  • contain singular large fluid filled VACUOLE (water)
  • have organelles called CHOLORPLASTS
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22
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly like material that makes up inside of plant cell; holding organelles, helps plant retain its shape

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23
Q

cellulose

A
  • main component of cell wall
  • crystylizes into microfibrils
  • covers the plasma membrane
24
Q

middle lamella

A

glues adjacent plant cells together

25
plant cells cannot commincate via direct
physical contact due to barriers (cell wall, middle lamella)
26
plasmodesmota
-small channels that connect adjacent cells -plasma membrane passes through them to allow for a contiguous membrane from cell to cell allow for direct communication -occur in single or in clusters
27
how were plasmodesmata created
when endoplasmic reticulum were trapped across the middle lamella in cell division
28
vacuole
- the warehouse and reaction tank - mainly composed of water and organic and inorganic molecules including enzymes - single membrane - allows plant cells to be large without making a lot of cytoplasm - stores ions, sugars, amino acids, pigments - mechanism for digestion (digests aging organelles) (similar to lysosome in animals) - defense mechanism (toxic chemicals)
29
3 membranes of chloroplast (don't need to know)
1) outer (endosymbiosis) 2) inner (from endosymbiosis) 3) thylakoid
30
What does respiration mean in terms of mitochondria?
it converts chemical energy stored in sugars into energy stored in ATP
31
how many membranes does mitochondria have?
Two (inner and outer membrane: result of endosymbiosis)
32
Chloroplast and Mitochondria similarities
- reproduce via fission (similar to prokaryotes) - similar in size to bacteria - have own circular DNA - have own bacteria like ribosomes - both have an inner and outer membrane from endosymbiosis - both semi-autonomous
33
all land plants developed from an ...
embryo (an undeveloped plant inside a seed) that is protected by tissues of the parent plant.
34
All land plants have...
-have protected, multicellular, spore-producing structures (sporangia) that produce gametes.
35
gamete
mature reproductive or sex cell that contains a haploid number of chromosomes
36
haploid
???
37
3 dominant types of sexual life cycles
1) diploid-dominant 2) haploid-dominant 3) alternation of generations
38
diploid-dominant
multicellular diploid stage is the most obvious life stage -diploid meaning both sets of chromosomes -only haploid cells, meaning one set of chromosomes, are the gametes -gametes are the reproductive sex cell -humans and most animals are diploid dominant human chromosomes (46); 23 from each parent
39
Mitosis Vs Meosis
Mitosis goal is growth (two identical cells); | Goal of meiosis is diversity (make 4 different cells that are all haploid)
40
haploid-dominant
multicellular, haploid stage is the most obvious life stage | • Fungi and some algae
41
alternation of generations
haploid and diploid stages both multicellular and both dominate at some point • Multicellular structures develop to protect the reproductive structures • Aided the transition to life on land • Plants and some algae have an “alternation of generations”
42
alternation of generations
haploid and diploid stages both multicellular and both dominate at some point • Multicellular structures develop to protect the reproductive structures • Aided the transition to life on land • Plants and some algae have an “alternation of generations”
43
what's the product of meiosis?
haploid
44
what's the product of fertilization
diploid
45
Summary of generalized plant life cycle
* Plants (algae, fungi) alternate between diploid and haploid phases (each a major part of life cycle). * Fertilization and meiosis are the processes that result in diploid or haploid forms, respectively. * In ALL land plants, both generations are fundamentally different from each other and one form gives rise to the other form.
46
zygote
(single cell, 2n): produced by syngamy (aka fertilization) from gametes
47
gamete
(single cell, n): produced by mitosis goes through syngamy to produce the zygote
48
spore
(single cell, n): produced by meiosis from the sporophyte; goes through mitosis to produce the gametophyte (in asexual cycle spore can be produced by mitosis and can be n or 2n)
49
gametophyte
(n multicellular body): produced by mitosis from spores, goes through mitosis to produce gametes
50
Major plant groups
- Land plants - vascular plants - seed plants - flowering plants
51
bryophyte (mosses)
“Mosses”: no vascular tissues (e.g., need water)
52
pteridophyte (ferns)
“Ferns”: produce spores, first vascular tissues
53
gymnosperms (cones)
Gymnosperms: produce seeds
54
Angiosperms (flowers)
Angiosperms: produce flowers/fruits
55
Hypothesis for Shift from Gametophyte -> Sporophyte Dominance in Vascular Plants
* Gametophytes are small. Large, upward growth (from sporophyte generation) was necessary for plants to compete for light. * Taller, upright sporophyte can disperse more spores (increase reproductive capabilities). * Diploid cells of the sporophyte are more protected from mutation (since diploid sporophyte contains two copies of each gene), so sporophyte became favored generation. * Function of gametophyte is only to produce gametes (less energy required for reduced size).

ECOL 182R (19 decks)

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