Lecture 15: Energy, Tropism and Productivity

Question 1

Energy outputs radiate from…

Answer 1

the earth

Question 2

Energy inputs radiation from..

Answer 2

the sun

Question 3

Open system

Answer 3

• Energy flows to AND from the Earth

Question 4

Closed system

Answer 4

• Nutrients cycle WITHIN the Earth

Question 5

Energy flows to AND from the Earth is a …

Answer 5

open system

Question 6

Nutrients cycle WITHIN the Earth is a…

Answer 6

closed system

Question 7

Flow of energy considered

Answer 7

“open system”

Question 8

Nutrient cycles (e.g., N cycle) are a

Answer 8

“closed system”

Question 9

Water cycle is also a

Answer 9

closed system

Question 10

All energy for life on Earth comes from the

Answer 10

Sun

Question 11

First Law of Thermodynamics:

Answer 11

“Energy cannot be

created or destroyed; it can only change form.”

Question 12

Heat and light energy is converted to chemical energy, in the form of glucose, by

Answer 12

photosynthesis

Question 13

Where does most photosynthesis occur?

Answer 13

Marine ecosystems (i.e., phytoplankton)

Question 14

Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into…

Answer 14

chemical energy, stored as chemical bonds in sugars and carbohydrates.

Question 15

Only about ______ of the sunlight that reaches Earth is captured

Answer 15

1%

Question 16

6CO2 + 6H2O + light =

Answer 16

C6H12O6 + O2

Question 17

Troph

Answer 17

Greek word for food

Question 18

Consumers are organized into…

Answer 18

“trophic levels” (e.g., level in a food chain)

Question 19

Producers are almost always at the _______ of any food chain/ trophic level

Answer 19

“bottom”

Question 20

Autotrophs

Answer 20

producers

Question 21

Heterotrophs

Answer 21

consumers

Question 22

All non-producers/other organisms are _______ and get energy by consuming other organisms

Answer 22

heterotrophs

*Includes herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores (feed on dead organic material), and decomposers (decompose dead organic material)

Question 23

herbivores

Answer 23

eat plants

Question 24

carnivores

Answer 24

required to eat meat

Question 25

omnivores

Answer 25

can eat meat (or anything) but not required to

Question 26

detritivores

Answer 26

feed on dead organic material

Question 27

decomposers

Answer 27

decompose dead organic material

Question 28

Decomposers _________detritus

Answer 28

Break down

Question 29

Example of Decomposers

Answer 29

e.g., bacteria, fungi, and worms

Question 30

Decomposers Break down large organic molecules into...

Answer 30

smaller organic molecules that can be reabsorbed

Question 31

Decomposers Decompose nutrients on a...

Answer 31

molecular level

Question 32

Detritivores ______ on detritus (dead organic material)

Answer 32

Feed

Question 33

detritus

Answer 33

dead organic material

Question 34

examples of detritivores

Answer 34

(e.g., fungi, worms, insects, sea stars, etc.):

Question 35

Detritivores ________ material to break it down

Answer 35

consume

Question 36

Detritivores eat large amounts of detritus and excrete...

Answer 36

nutrients

Question 37

producers

Answer 37

photosynthetic organisms

Question 38

Primary consumers

Answer 38

always the second trophic level as they eat plants or green algae

Question 39

Secondary consumers

Answer 39

could be carnivores or omnivores at the third trophic level

Question 40

Tertiary consumers

Answer 40

usually carnivorous apex predators but can also be omnivores

Question 41

1st trophic level

Answer 41

get energy from sun (autotrophs) and sequester C

Question 42

2nd trophic level

Answer 42

eat plants (primary consumers)

Question 43

3rd trophic level

Answer 43

omnivores or carnivores that eat herbivores (secondary consumers)

Question 44

4th trophic level

Answer 44

tertiary (apex) consumer that usually eats other carnivores (but can be omnivore)

Question 45

________ links trophic levels

Answer 45

food chain

Question 46

What 2 things will food chain show?

Answer 46

1) Shows who consumes who and | 2) describes the species occupying each trophic level in an ecosystem

Question 47

A food _____ is more accurate than a food chain.

Answer 47

web

Question 48

Productivity

Answer 48

rate at which energy is added to the bodies of a group of organisms (such as primary producers) in the form of biomass

Question 49

the rate at which energy is added to the bodies of a group of organisms (such as primary producers) in the form of biomass

Answer 49

productivity

Question 50

Barely any light energy ______ makes it into the plant

Answer 50

(~1%)

Question 51

Other ~99% of light energy is ...

Answer 51

absorbed by other materials, reflected, or goes through it

Question 52

Gross Primary Productivity

Answer 52

GPP is the overall rate of energy captured by the producer (i.e., the amount of energy the plant actually absorbs from the sun)

Question 53

the overall rate of energy captured by the producer (i.e., the amount of energy the plant actually absorbs from the sun)

Answer 53

Gross Primary Productivity

Question 54

Of the 1% of the light energy the plant gets, most of it _____ of it is used in respiration.

Answer 54

(~60%)

Question 55

Net Primary Productivity

Answer 55

NPP is gross primary productivity minus the rate of energy loss to metabolism and maintenance (e.g., adjusted for energy used by organism’s metabolism).

Question 56

_______ is gross primary productivity minus the rate of energy loss to metabolism and maintenance (e.g., adjusted for energy used by organism’s metabolism).

Answer 56

Net Primary Productivity

Question 57

NPP is always lower than GPP because ...

Answer 57

the amount of energy used by the organism to survive must be subtracted.

Question 58

NPP is usually about what %?

Answer 58

40%

Question 59

Energy is “lost” moving from level to level. What percent goes to the next level?

Answer 59

~10% goes to the next trophic level - producers 100% (of 40% bc 60% used in cr) - primary consumers = 10% - secondary consumers = 1% - tertiary consumers = 0.1%

Question 60

Ecological efficiency

Answer 60

proportion to the next (trophic) level