Lecture 15: Energy, Tropism and Productivity Flashcards

1
Q

Energy outputs radiate from…

A

the earth

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2
Q

Energy inputs radiation from..

A

the sun

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3
Q

Open system

A

• Energy flows to AND from the Earth

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4
Q

Closed system

A

• Nutrients cycle WITHIN the Earth

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5
Q

Energy flows to AND from the Earth is a …

A

open system

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6
Q

Nutrients cycle WITHIN the Earth is a…

A

closed system

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7
Q

Flow of energy considered

A

“open system”

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8
Q

Nutrient cycles (e.g., N cycle) are a

A

“closed system”

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9
Q

Water cycle is also a

A

closed system

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10
Q

All energy for life on Earth comes from the

A

Sun

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11
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics:

A

“Energy cannot be

created or destroyed; it can only change form.”

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12
Q

Heat and light energy is converted to chemical energy, in the form of glucose, by

A

photosynthesis

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13
Q

Where does most photosynthesis occur?

A

Marine ecosystems (i.e., phytoplankton)

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14
Q

Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into…

A

chemical energy, stored as chemical bonds in sugars and carbohydrates.

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15
Q

Only about ______ of the sunlight that reaches Earth is captured

A

1%

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16
Q

6CO2 + 6H2O + light =

A

C6H12O6 + O2

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17
Q

Troph

A

Greek word for food

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18
Q

Consumers are organized into…

A

“trophic levels” (e.g., level in a food chain)

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19
Q

Producers are almost always at the _______ of any food chain/ trophic level

A

“bottom”

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20
Q

Autotrophs

A

producers

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21
Q

Heterotrophs

A

consumers

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22
Q

All non-producers/other organisms are _______ and get energy by consuming other organisms

A

heterotrophs

*Includes herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores (feed on dead organic material), and decomposers (decompose dead organic material)

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23
Q

herbivores

A

eat plants

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24
Q

carnivores

A

required to eat meat

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25
omnivores
can eat meat (or anything) but not required to
26
detritivores
feed on dead organic material
27
decomposers
decompose dead organic material
28
Decomposers _________detritus
Break down
29
Example of Decomposers
e.g., bacteria, fungi, and worms
30
Decomposers Break down large organic molecules into...
smaller organic molecules that can be reabsorbed
31
Decomposers Decompose nutrients on a...
molecular level
32
Detritivores ______ on detritus (dead organic material)
Feed
33
detritus
dead organic material
34
examples of detritivores
(e.g., fungi, worms, insects, sea stars, etc.):
35
Detritivores ________ material to break it down
consume
36
Detritivores eat large amounts of detritus and excrete...
nutrients
37
producers
photosynthetic organisms
38
Primary consumers
always the second trophic level as they eat plants or green algae
39
Secondary consumers
could be carnivores or omnivores at the third trophic level
40
Tertiary consumers
usually carnivorous apex predators but can also be omnivores
41
1st trophic level
get energy from sun (autotrophs) and sequester C
42
2nd trophic level
eat plants (primary consumers)
43
3rd trophic level
omnivores or carnivores that eat herbivores (secondary consumers)
44
4th trophic level
tertiary (apex) consumer that usually eats other carnivores (but can be omnivore)
45
________ links trophic levels
food chain
46
What 2 things will food chain show?
1) Shows who consumes who and | 2) describes the species occupying each trophic level in an ecosystem
47
A food _____ is more accurate than a food chain.
web
48
Productivity
rate at which energy is added to the bodies of a group of organisms (such as primary producers) in the form of biomass
49
the rate at which energy is added to the bodies of a group of organisms (such as primary producers) in the form of biomass
productivity
50
Barely any light energy ______ makes it into the plant
(~1%)
51
Other ~99% of light energy is ...
absorbed by other materials, reflected, or goes through it
52
Gross Primary Productivity
GPP is the overall rate of energy captured by the producer (i.e., the amount of energy the plant actually absorbs from the sun)
53
the overall rate of energy captured by the producer (i.e., the amount of energy the plant actually absorbs from the sun)
Gross Primary Productivity
54
Of the 1% of the light energy the plant gets, most of it _____ of it is used in respiration.
(~60%)
55
Net Primary Productivity
NPP is gross primary productivity minus the rate of energy loss to metabolism and maintenance (e.g., adjusted for energy used by organism’s metabolism).
56
_______ is gross primary productivity minus the rate of energy loss to metabolism and maintenance (e.g., adjusted for energy used by organism’s metabolism).
Net Primary Productivity
57
NPP is always lower than GPP because ...
the amount of energy used by the organism to survive must be subtracted.
58
NPP is usually about what %?
40%
59
Energy is “lost” moving from level to level. What percent goes to the next level?
~10% goes to the next trophic level - producers 100% (of 40% bc 60% used in cr) - primary consumers = 10% - secondary consumers = 1% - tertiary consumers = 0.1%
60
Ecological efficiency
proportion to the next (trophic) level