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ECOL 182R > Lecture 15: Energy, Tropism and Productivity > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Energy, Tropism and Productivity Flashcards

1
Q

Energy outputs radiate from…

A

the earth

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2
Q

Energy inputs radiation from..

A

the sun

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3
Q

Open system

A

• Energy flows to AND from the Earth

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4
Q

Closed system

A

• Nutrients cycle WITHIN the Earth

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5
Q

Energy flows to AND from the Earth is a …

A

open system

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6
Q

Nutrients cycle WITHIN the Earth is a…

A

closed system

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7
Q

Flow of energy considered

A

“open system”

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8
Q

Nutrient cycles (e.g., N cycle) are a

A

“closed system”

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9
Q

Water cycle is also a

A

closed system

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10
Q

All energy for life on Earth comes from the

A

Sun

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11
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics:

A

“Energy cannot be

created or destroyed; it can only change form.”

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12
Q

Heat and light energy is converted to chemical energy, in the form of glucose, by

A

photosynthesis

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13
Q

Where does most photosynthesis occur?

A

Marine ecosystems (i.e., phytoplankton)

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14
Q

Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into…

A

chemical energy, stored as chemical bonds in sugars and carbohydrates.

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15
Q

Only about ______ of the sunlight that reaches Earth is captured

A

1%

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16
Q

6CO2 + 6H2O + light =

A

C6H12O6 + O2

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17
Q

Troph

A

Greek word for food

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18
Q

Consumers are organized into…

A

“trophic levels” (e.g., level in a food chain)

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19
Q

Producers are almost always at the _______ of any food chain/ trophic level

A

“bottom”

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20
Q

Autotrophs

A

producers

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21
Q

Heterotrophs

A

consumers

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22
Q

All non-producers/other organisms are _______ and get energy by consuming other organisms

A

heterotrophs

*Includes herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores (feed on dead organic material), and decomposers (decompose dead organic material)

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23
Q

herbivores

A

eat plants

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24
Q

carnivores

A

required to eat meat

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25
Q

omnivores

A

can eat meat (or anything) but not required to

26
Q

detritivores

A

feed on dead organic material

27
Q

decomposers

A

decompose dead organic material

28
Q

Decomposers _________detritus

A

Break down

29
Q

Example of Decomposers

A

e.g., bacteria, fungi, and worms

30
Q

Decomposers Break down large organic molecules into…

A

smaller organic molecules that can be reabsorbed

31
Q

Decomposers Decompose nutrients on a…

A

molecular level

32
Q

Detritivores ______ on detritus (dead organic material)

A

Feed

33
Q

detritus

A

dead organic material

34
Q

examples of detritivores

A

(e.g., fungi, worms, insects, sea stars, etc.):

35
Q

Detritivores ________ material to break it down

A

consume

36
Q

Detritivores eat large amounts of detritus and excrete…

A

nutrients

37
Q

producers

A

photosynthetic organisms

38
Q

Primary consumers

A

always the second trophic level as they eat plants or green algae

39
Q

Secondary consumers

A

could be carnivores or omnivores at the third trophic level

40
Q

Tertiary consumers

A

usually carnivorous apex predators but can also be omnivores

41
Q

1st trophic level

A

get energy from sun (autotrophs) and sequester C

42
Q

2nd trophic level

A

eat plants (primary consumers)

43
Q

3rd trophic level

A

omnivores or carnivores that eat herbivores (secondary consumers)

44
Q

4th trophic level

A

tertiary (apex) consumer that usually eats other carnivores (but can be omnivore)

45
Q

________ links trophic levels

A

food chain

46
Q

What 2 things will food chain show?

A

1) Shows who consumes who and

2) describes the species occupying each trophic level in an ecosystem

47
Q

A food _____ is more accurate than a food chain.

A

web

48
Q

Productivity

A

rate at which energy is added to the bodies of a group of organisms (such as primary producers) in the form of biomass

49
Q

the rate at which energy is added to the bodies of a group of organisms (such as primary producers) in the form of biomass

A

productivity

50
Q

Barely any light energy ______ makes it into the plant

A

(~1%)

51
Q

Other ~99% of light energy is …

A

absorbed by other materials, reflected, or goes through it

52
Q

Gross Primary Productivity

A

GPP is the overall rate of energy captured by the producer (i.e., the amount of energy the plant actually absorbs from the sun)

53
Q

the overall rate of energy captured by the producer (i.e., the amount of energy the plant actually absorbs from the sun)

A

Gross Primary Productivity

54
Q

Of the 1% of the light energy the plant gets, most of it _____ of it is used in respiration.

A

(~60%)

55
Q

Net Primary Productivity

A

NPP is gross primary productivity minus the rate of energy loss to metabolism and maintenance (e.g., adjusted for energy used by organism’s metabolism).

56
Q

_______ is gross primary productivity minus the rate of energy loss to metabolism and maintenance (e.g., adjusted for energy used by organism’s metabolism).

A

Net Primary Productivity

57
Q

NPP is always lower than GPP because …

A

the amount of energy used by the organism to survive must be subtracted.

58
Q

NPP is usually about what %?

A

40%

59
Q

Energy is “lost” moving from level to level. What percent goes to the next level?

A

~10% goes to the next trophic level

  • producers 100% (of 40% bc 60% used in cr)
  • primary consumers = 10%
  • secondary consumers = 1%
  • tertiary consumers = 0.1%
60
Q

Ecological efficiency

A

proportion to the next (trophic) level

ECOL 182R (19 decks)

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