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Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture > Lecture Week 5 > Flashcards

Lecture Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Histology?

A

Study of the structure and function of tissues

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2
Q

What are the tissue types?

A

Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, Neural

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3
Q

What does Epithelial Tissue do?

A

-Covers exposed surfaces
-Lines internal passageways and chambers
-Forms secretory glands

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4
Q

What does Connective Tissue do?

A

-Contracts to produce movement

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5
Q

What does Neural/Nervous Tissue do?

A

-Conducts electrical impulses
-Carries information

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6
Q

What are characteristics of Epithelium?

A

-Covers organs and body, lines body cavities and hollow organs
-Has free surface and basement membrane
-Connective tissues lie below basement membrane
-Non-vascular (no blood vessels running through)
-Little intercellular material
-Rapid healing, frequent cell replacement

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7
Q

What are the functions of Epithelium?

A

Absorption, secretion, excretion, diffusion, protection, distension (stretching)

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8
Q

How is Epithelium Classified?

A

By the stratification (layering) and cell shape

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9
Q

What are the 4 layers called of Epithelium?

A

-Simple: 1 cell layer thick
-Stratified: 2 or more cell layers thick
-Pseudostratified: falsely layered, looks like more than one layer but is only one layer
-Transitional: layers depend on tension (stretching)

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10
Q

What does squamous mean?

A

Flat

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11
Q

What does cuboidal mean?

A

Tall as it is wide

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12
Q

What does columnar mean?

A

Taller than wide

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13
Q

What does basement membrane lie between?

A

Epithelial and connective tissue

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14
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Promote absorption

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15
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

-Lines alveoli, forms capillary walls, lines blood and lymph vessels, covers body cavity membranes
-Functions: diffusion, filtration, decrease friction

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16
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

-Surface of skin, linings of oral cavity, vagina, anal canal, and part of the pharynx
-Functions: Protection
-Features: may be nonkeratinizing or keratinizing

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17
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

-Covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules and ducts of many glands
-Functions: Absorption, secretion, excretion

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18
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

-Linings of larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
-Functions: protection, secretion

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19
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

-Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra
-Functions: protection, distension

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20
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

-Lines uterus, stomach, intestines, uterine tubes
-Functions: secretion, absorption, protection, production of movement
-Features: may have cilia for movement or microvilli for absorption, mucus secreting goblet cells

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21
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

-Lining ductus deferens, part of male urethra, part of pharynx
-Functions: protection, secretion

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22
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

-Lines respiratory passageways
-Functions: protection, secretion, production of movement
-Features: may be ciliated with mucus secreting goblet cells

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23
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

-Exocrine and Endocrine

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24
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Secrete onto a surface

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25
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete directly into blood or tissue fluid

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of typical connective tissue?

A

-Abundant intercellular material called matrix, matrix contains ground substance and fibers, generally vascular

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27
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

Fibers

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28
Q

What do macrophages in?

A

Phagocytosis

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29
Q

What are adipocytes in?

A

Adipose

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30
Q

What are chondrocytes in?

A

Cartilage

31
Q

What are osteocytes in?

A

Bone

32
Q

How to describe collagenous fibers?

A

Produce collagen protein, thick, strong

33
Q

How to describe elastic fibers?

A

Produce elastin protein, flexible, recoil

34
Q

How to describe reticular fibers?

A

Collagen protein, thin, branch

35
Q

What are the ground substances?

A

Gel-like, reduced, firm-solid, hard-solid, fluid

36
Q

What is the matrix made up of?

A

Fibers and ground substance

37
Q

Areolar Tissue

A

-Below skin and below the basement membrane of most epithelia
-Function: binds structure together

38
Q

Adipose

A

-Beneath skin, between muscles, around kidneys and heart, behind eyes, in abdominal membranes
-Function: adipocytes accumulate triglycerides for energy storage, insulation, and protection

39
Q

Reticular Connective

A

-Liver, spleen, lymph nodes
-Function: Structural support

40
Q

Dense Connective

A

-Regular (tendons, ligaments), Irregular (dermis of skin)
-Function: provides strength,
-Features: slow to heal bc mainly nonvascular

41
Q

Elastic Connective

A

-Walls of larger arteries, heart chambers, larger airways, between vertebrae
-Function: Provides strength with elasticity

42
Q

Blood

A

-Cardiovascular system
-Function: transport, protection from infection, prevention of blood loss
-Features: formed elements in plasma

43
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

-Non-vascular, most abundant in body
-Ends of bones, tracheal rings, bone models in fetus and child
-Functions: support, bone development
-Features: chondrocytes occupy lacunae, tissue is nonvascular

44
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

-External ears, part of larynx
-Function: support with elasticity

45
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

-Intervertebral disks, menisci of knee joints
-Function: Support with increased strength and durability

46
Q

Bone

A

-Skeleton
-Function: Support, protection, attachment sites for muscles, mineral storage
-Features: osteocytes occupy lacunae,

47
Q

Tissue Comparisons (Location, Intercellular Material, Vascularization)

A

Epithelia: covers surfaces and line cavities (have free surface), almost no intercellular material, no vascularization
Connective: fills spaces, abundant matrix, extensive vascularization

48
Q

Tendons

A

Structures that anchor muscles to bones

49
Q

Ligaments

A

Structures that hold bones together at a joint

50
Q

Types of Membranes

A

Serous, mucous, synovial, cutaneous

51
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Line and cover organs within the ventral cavity, serous fluid functions as lubricatioin, in simple squamous, areolar

52
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Line cavities that open to the outside of the body, mucus, various epithelia and areolar

53
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Line cavities of freely moveable joints, synovial fluid to cushion, areolar and adipose

54
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Covers the body outer surface, secrete sweat and sebum, in stratified squamous epithelium, areolar, irregular dense connective

55
Q

What are the organs of the Integumentary System?

A

Cutaneous membrane (biggest organ overall is skin), hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails

56
Q

Functions of Integumentary System

A

-Protect underlying tissues and organs
-Excrete salts, wastes, water
-Maintain body temp
-Produce melanin - protects underlying tissue from ultraviolet radiation
-Produce keratin - serves as water repellant
-Store lipids
-Detect touch, pressure, pain, etc. and relay to nervous system

57
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial layer of the skin

58
Q

What kind of epithelium forms epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium

59
Q

How thick is the epidermis?

A

0.08-0.5 mm thick

60
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Single layer of cuboidal or columnar stem cells

61
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

8-10 layers of flatter cells, some of which are stem cells

62
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Missing in thin areas

63
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Only in palms and soles

64
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

15-30 layers of flattened, dead, keratinizing cells

65
Q

What are the cell types?

A

Keratinocytes - produce keratin protein
Melanocytes - produce melanin protein
Dendritic cells - protect against microorganisms and superficial cancers

66
Q

Keratinization

A

Keratinocytes produce and accumulate keratin and die as they are pushed away from blood vessels and towards body surface

67
Q

Where are epidermal ridges present to increase friction?

A

Hands and feet

68
Q

How does a person get their color of skin?

A

Results from specific molecules that are present in the skin

69
Q

How many pigments are responsible for skin color?

A

3

70
Q

What are the three pigments?

A

Melanin, Hemoglobin, Carotene

71
Q

Melanin

A

Brown, yellow-brown, black
Produced by melanocytes in epidermis
Production promoted by UV radiation, protects DNA molecules in deeper cells

72
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Bright red - carrying oxygen gas
Dark red - not carrying oxygen gas

73
Q

Carotene

A

Orange-yellow
From vegetables can accumulate in epidermis

Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture (21 decks)

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